3. The Establishment of the WTO and Its Legal Texts
3. WTO的建立及其法律文件

烏拉圭回合談判的重要意義在于，此“回合”通過的《最后文件》（the Final Act）大大發(fā)展了GATT下的法制，其中的《馬拉喀什建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)定》（簡稱《WTO協(xié)定》）是其基本文件，它不僅賦予WTO正式國際組織的法律人格，還對WTO的范圍、職能、機(jī)構(gòu)、地位、決策、加入與退出等事項進(jìn)行明確規(guī)范，使WTO體制趨于成熟。該協(xié)定有四個附件，分別涉及多邊貿(mào)易規(guī)則、爭端解決機(jī)制、貿(mào)易政策評審機(jī)制、若干諸邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定，它們構(gòu)成WTO法律體系的基礎(chǔ)。該《最后文件》還包括一系列有關(guān)具體事項所做出的宣言或決定，這些文件大多是對GATT下談判結(jié)果的具體問題的明確化或進(jìn)一步談判的要求與安排。

3.1 The Establishment of the WTO

3.1 WTO的建立

One of the final results of the Uruguay Roundmay be a decision to regularize the institutional arrangement of a world trade body-WTO, which enter into effect in January1,1995.76 governments became members of the WTO on its first day, with some 50 other governments at various stages of completing their domestic ratification procedures, and the remainder engaged in negotiating their terms of entry. The WTO is the embodiment of the Uruguay Round results and the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（GATT）.

The World Trade Organization（WTO）is the legal and institutional foundation of the multilateral trading system. It provides the principal contractual obligations determining how government frame and implement domestic trade legislation and regulations. And it is the platform on which trade relations among countries evolved through collective debate, negotiation and adjudication.

The World Trade Organization is not a simple extension of GATT in terms of larger membership and development of trade rules. On the contrary, it completely replaces its predecessor and has a very different character. Among the principal differences are the following：

It has a much broader scope in terms of the commercial activity and trade policies to which it applied only to trade in merchandise goods; the WTO covers in goods, services and“trade in ideas”or intellectual property.

The GATT was a multilateral agreement with no institutional foundation, only a small associated secretariat which on its origins in the attempt to establish an International Trade Organization in the 1940s. The WTO is a permanent institution with its own secretariat.

The GATT was an agreement applied on a“provisional basis”even if it has lasted more than forty years. The WTO has a full international legal status and is operated on a permanent basis.

The GATT was a mixture of multilateral and plurilateral instruments. The agreements which constitute the WTO are almost all multilateral and, thus, involve commitments for the entire membership.

The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic, and thus much less susceptible to blockages than the old GATT system. The implementation of WTO dispute findings will also be more easily assured.

3.2 The legal Texts of WTO

3.2 WTO 的法律文件

“The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations”, signed by ministers in Marrakesh on 15 April 1994 is 550 pages long and contains legal texts which spell out the results of the negotiations since the Round was launched in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in September 1986. In addition to the texts of the agreements, the Final Act also contains texts of Ministerial Decisions and Declarations which further clarify certain provisions of some of the agreements.

The Final Act with its successive agreements constitutes the fundamental legal documents of WTO. The following list shows the agreements contained in The Final Act in bilingual version：

MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING

THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

馬拉喀什建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)定

Annex 1

附件1

Annex 1A:Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods

附件1A：多邊貨物貿(mào)易協(xié)定

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定

Understanding on the Interpretation of ArticleⅡ:1（b）of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

關(guān)于解釋1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定第2條第1款（b）項的諒解

Understanding on the Interpretation of Article ⅩⅦ of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 12

關(guān)于解釋1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定第17條的諒解

Understanding on Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

關(guān)于1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定國際收支條款的諒解

Understanding on the Interpretation of Article ⅩⅩⅣ of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

關(guān)于解釋關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定第24條的諒解

Understanding in Respect of Waivers of Obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

關(guān)于豁免1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定義務(wù)的諒解

Understanding on the Interpretation of Article ⅩⅩⅧ of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

關(guān)于解釋1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定第28條的諒解

Marrakesh Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定馬拉喀什議定書

Agreement on Agriculture

農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)定

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

實施衛(wèi)生與植物衛(wèi)生措施協(xié)定

Agreement on Textiles and Clothing

紡織品與服裝協(xié)定

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘協(xié)定

Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures

與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的投資措施協(xié)定

Agreement on Implementation of Article Ⅵ of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

關(guān)于實施1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定第6條的協(xié)定

Agreement on Implementation of Article Ⅶ of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

關(guān)于實施1994年關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定第7條的協(xié)定

Agreement on Preshipment Inspection

裝運前檢驗協(xié)定

Agreement on Rules of Origin

原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則協(xié)定

Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures

進(jìn)口許可程序協(xié)定

Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

補(bǔ)貼與反補(bǔ)貼措施協(xié)定

Agreement on Safeguards

保障措施協(xié)定

Annex 1B:General Agreement on Trade in Services

附件1B：服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定

Annex 1C:Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

附件1C：與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)定

Annex 2: Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes

附件2：關(guān)于爭端解決規(guī)則與程序的諒解

Annex 3:Trade Policy Review Mechanism

附件3：貿(mào)易政策評審機(jī)制

Annex 4:Plurilateral Trade Agreements

附件4：諸邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定

Agreement on trade in Civil Aircraft

民用航空器貿(mào)易協(xié)定

Agreement on Government Procurement

政府采購協(xié)定

International Dairy Agreement

國際奶制品協(xié)定

International Bovine Meat Agreement

國際牛肉協(xié)定

The extensive national schedules of tariffs concessions and services commitments, which not been included in the Final Act because of its extensity, are integral part of the World Trade Organization Agreement. In addition there are about thirty Ministerial Decisions, Declarations and Understandings are included in The Final Act.

3.3 Development of WTO Rules after Uruguay round

3.3 烏拉圭回合后WTO規(guī)則的發(fā)展

Some negotiations continued just after the end of the Uruguay Round. In February 1997, agreement was reached on telecommunications services, with 69 governments agreeing to wide-ranging liberalization measures that went beyond those agreed in the Uruguay Round. In the same year,70 members concluded a financial services deal covering more than 95% of trade in banking, insurance, securities and financial information.

At the Singapore Ministerial Conference in December 1996,29（including the 15 EC member states）countries or separate customs territories signed the Ministerial Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products（ITA）. The ITA entered into force with the first staged reduction in tariffs occurring on 1 July 1997. There are three basic principles that one must abide by to become an ITA participant:1）all products listed in the Declaration must be covered,2）all must be reduced to a zero tariff level, and 3）all other duties and charges（ODCs）must be bound at zero. There are no exceptions to product coverage, however for sensitive items, it is possible to have an extended implementation period.

In 2000, new talks started on agriculture and services. These have now been incorporated into a broader agenda launched at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001. As development being at its centre, the work programme, the Doha Development Agenda（DDA）, dds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs, trade and environment, WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies, investment, competition policy, trade facilitation, transparency in government procurement, intellectual property, and a range of issues raised by developing countries as difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.

The Doha Development Agenda negotiations are far beyond an easy one, as deadlocks become quite frequent events. In the 9th WTO Ministerial Conference held in Bali, Indonesia,3 -7 December 2013, Bali Ministerial Declaration and the ministerial decisions（Bali Package）were adopted by all WTO members. The package forms part of the Doha Development Round. It consists of ten separate decisions by the Ministerial Conference, covering four areas:Agreement on Trade Facilitation（ATF, an agreement aimed at reducing red-tape and streamline customs）, Agriculture, Cotton, Development and LDC issues.

The Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement, adopted by the WTO General Council in 2005, is the first treaty amendment agreed by WTO Members since the WTO Agreement came into force in 1995. It confirms a decision by Members in 2003 to establish the Paragraph 6 System, which provides additional flexibilities so as to facilitate access to medicines under TRIPS. The amendment will be formally built into the TRIPS Agreement when two thirds of the WTO's members have accepted the change. The General Council has extended the acceptance period four times, in 2007, 2009,2011 and 2013. The latest General Council decision extended the deadline to 31 December 2015. Once two thirds of members have formally accepted it, the amendment will take effect in those members and will replace the 2003 waiver for them. For each of the remaining members:the waiver will continue to apply until that member accepts the amendment and it takes effect.

烏拉圭回合談判，即前面提到的于1986年開始，至1994年結(jié)束的GATT第八輪談判，通過了包括《建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)議》在內(nèi)的《最后文件》。

烏拉圭回合的最后結(jié)果之一，是做出了一個將世界貿(mào)易體（WTO）的機(jī)構(gòu)安排常態(tài)化的決定，該機(jī)構(gòu)于1995年1月正式啟動。

世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）是多邊貿(mào)易制度的法制與機(jī)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。它為政府如何進(jìn)行構(gòu)建與實施國內(nèi)貿(mào)易法律法規(guī)規(guī)定了契約性義務(wù)。同時，它也是成員國間通過集體討論、談判以及裁決來發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系的平臺。

諸邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定（PTA），與多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定（MTA）不同的是，此類協(xié)定并不要求所有WTO成員參加，但仍屬于 WTO 管理下的協(xié)定，其中 The International Dairy Agreement 與 The International Bovine Meat Agreement于1997年底終止。

《多哈發(fā)展議程》。

被稱為“多哈發(fā)展議程”的工作計劃，將發(fā)展作為中心議題，同時將有關(guān)非農(nóng)產(chǎn)品關(guān)稅、貿(mào)易與環(huán)境、諸如反傾銷與補(bǔ)貼的WTO規(guī)則、投資、競爭政策、貿(mào)易便利、政府采購的透明化、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)等，連同發(fā)展中國家所提出的在實施WTO協(xié)定中所面臨的特殊困難，一并納入談判或其他工作安排中。

巴厘成果。