在困難時(shí)期,偉大的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人們已經(jīng)表達(dá)了希望。1940年二戰(zhàn)之初，溫斯頓?丘吉爾在當(dāng)選英國首相時(shí)向議會發(fā)表演講, 坦率地對他的同胞說:“我所能奉獻(xiàn)的唯有熱血、辛勞、眼淚與汗水?！?dāng)我擔(dān)負(fù)起我的任務(wù)時(shí)，是樂觀而滿懷希望的?！彼髞磉€寫道:“悲觀主義者在機(jī)會中總是看到困難，樂觀主義者在困難中總是看到機(jī)會?！鼻敖菘丝偨y(tǒng)和廣受贊譽(yù)的作家瓦茨拉夫?哈維爾認(rèn)為：樂觀與希望的區(qū)別在于，樂觀主義過于幼稚或機(jī)會主義,而希望則是做道德上正確的事情:“希望與樂觀是截然不同的。它不是堅(jiān)信某事會有圓滿結(jié)果,而是確定某事有意義,不管結(jié)果如何?！?/p>

今天的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)既需要樂觀也需要希望。幸運(yùn)的是,我們已經(jīng)從歷史、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析與政策中吸取了許多教訓(xùn)去應(yīng)對這些挑戰(zhàn)。我的期望是,這本書將有助于尋找解決方案。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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Commission on Growth and Development. 2008. The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Clift, J. 2010. “IMF Explores Contours of Future Macroeconomic Policy.” IMF Survey Magazine, February 12.

Freeman, C., M. Kumhof, D. Laxton, and J. Lee. 2009. “The Case for a Global Fiscal Stimulus.” IMF Position Note, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.

Krugman, P. 2009. The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008. New York: W. W. Norton.

Lin, J. Y. 2009. “Beyond Keynesianism: the Necessity of a Globally Coordinated Solution.” Harvard International Review 31 (2): 14–17.

Lin, J. Y. and D. Doemeland. 2012. “Beyond Keynesianism: Global Infrastructure Investments in Times of Crisis.” Policy Research Working Paper 5940, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Ricardo, D. 1817. On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray.

Stiglitz, J. 2009. Freefall: <st1:country-region w:st="on">America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. New York: W. W. Norton.