第 19 課 危機(jī)與期望管理
在一場(chǎng)危機(jī)中,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人要提防讓不切實(shí)際的樂觀情緒蔓延,切忌心存僥幸,令民眾盲目樂觀,到頭來適得其反。
奧巴馬在芝加哥發(fā)表總統(tǒng)選舉獲勝演說時(shí),有此感人的一段話:
“很多人未必會(huì)同意我作為總統(tǒng)的每項(xiàng)決策,而政府亦不可能解決所有問題,但我承諾至少我會(huì)對(duì)大家坦白,坦白講出前面大家會(huì)遭遇的困難和險(xiǎn)阻。我會(huì)聆聽你們的聲音,尤其是當(dāng)大家意見相左的時(shí)候?!?There are many who won’t agree with every decision or policy I make as president. And we know the government can’t solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree.)
很多人都認(rèn)為,這也是在一場(chǎng)重大危機(jī)中,一個(gè)政府對(duì)人民應(yīng)有的態(tài)度。
例如莫里斯(Dick Morris)在Power Plays一書中的“Mobilizing the Nation in Times of Crisis”一節(jié)中便提到,要在一場(chǎng)危機(jī)中凝聚民意,關(guān)鍵就是向民眾誠(chéng)懇、坦白交代,切忌心存僥幸,令民眾盲目樂觀,到頭來適得其反。他拿羅斯福和丘吉爾的成功以及約翰遜的失敗,作了一個(gè)對(duì)照。
作者說丘吉爾和羅斯福與約翰遜的最大分別,就是后者認(rèn)為民眾麻煩多多,講理沒有什么好結(jié)果,倒不如隱瞞他們于一時(shí),并心存僥幸地以為,只要快刀斬亂麻處理了越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),便手腳干凈;相反丘吉爾和羅斯福卻認(rèn)為,若要民眾與你共度時(shí)艱,熬過一段可能曠日持久的苦日子,打從一開始便要誠(chéng)懇坦白交代,令群眾有充足的心理準(zhǔn)備,并建立個(gè)人誠(chéng)信,因此兩人從未向民眾諱言“二戰(zhàn)”的艱辛。
例如在日軍偷襲珍珠港之后兩天,羅所發(fā)表的“爐邊閑話”便說:
“我們一定會(huì)告知大家所有消息,無(wú)論好與壞、或勝與敗……直至目前為止,所有消息都是壞的……在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期,傷亡率毫無(wú)疑問會(huì)很高……民用金屬一定會(huì)嚴(yán)重短缺……我們將會(huì)徹底犧牲很多東西……我們將會(huì)付出辛勞工作、痛苦以及血汗作為文明的代價(jià)。若然你質(zhì)疑代價(jià)是否委實(shí)太大,你該去問問那數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)奴役于希特勒暴政下的人們?!?We must share together the bad news and the good news, the defeats and the victories...So far, the news has been all bad...casualty lists of these first few days will undoubtedly be large...There will be a clear and definite shortage of metals for many kinds for civilian use...we shall have to give up many things entirely...the price for civilization must be paid in hard work and sorrow and blood. The price is not too high. If you doubt it, ask those millions who live today under the tyranny of Hitlerism.)
莫里斯再三提醒,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人要提防讓不切實(shí)際的樂觀情緒蔓延。
例如在著名的敦刻爾克(Dunkirk)渡海大撤退成功,英軍逃過被德軍包圍殲滅的厄運(yùn)之后,丘吉爾便阻止其他人慶祝,并說:“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不是通過成功撤退而贏得的?!?Wars are not won by evacuations.)為的就是擔(dān)心軍民有一刻松懈下來。所以即使有好消息可以公布,他都不時(shí)加上一句補(bǔ)充:“我們必須提防悲觀主義,但也得同樣提防樂觀主義?!?We must be on our guard equally against pessimism and against optimism.)