夫圣人之治國(guó),不恃人之為吾善也,而用其不得為非也。(《韓非子·顯學(xué)》)
... the sage,in ruling the state,does not count on people’s doing him good,but utilizes their inability to do him wrong.(Han Fei Zi,Chapter 50,trans. Liao 1939,vol. 2:306)
從《去強(qiáng)》和《弱民》兩篇文字不難看出,商鞅也持類似的態(tài)度。他還設(shè)計(jì)了控制民眾的方案:敦促君主驅(qū)使民眾干兩種活,即農(nóng)與戰(zhàn)(《商君書·農(nóng)戰(zhàn)》)。能做到這一點(diǎn)則國(guó)強(qiáng)。組織絕大多數(shù)民眾從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),則民“樸”(Duyvendak 1928:186)。
法家蔑視民眾,認(rèn)為民眾有三個(gè)特點(diǎn):能力明顯不足;不可靠;數(shù)量龐大。在法家看來,人口是--在當(dāng)今中國(guó)仍是--一種必須加以考慮、加以對(duì)付的可怕力量。龐大的人口威脅著法家心目中的政治權(quán)威,這一威脅感在君主不信任民眾的情況下尤其明顯。按照商鞅與韓非的手腕,法的用處便是要針對(duì)民眾和國(guó)家的矛盾。韓非甚至設(shè)法吸收反對(duì)順從權(quán)威的道家哲學(xué)來為壓制民眾辯護(hù)。韓非解《老子》第五十九章,辯說君主應(yīng)當(dāng)防止普通民眾發(fā)展、運(yùn)用批判性思維:
書之所謂治人者,適動(dòng)靜之節(jié),省思慮之費(fèi)也。所謂事天者,不極聰明之力,不盡智識(shí)之任。茍極盡則費(fèi)神多,費(fèi)神多則盲聾??裰溨?,是以嗇之。(《韓非子·解老》,黑體為引者所加)
Therefore,government of the people,as is said in Lao Tzu’s text,should suit the degree of motion and repose and save the trouble of thinking and worry. The so-called obedience to heaven means not to reach the limits of sharpness and brightness nor to exhaust the functions of wisdom and knowledge. If anybody ventures such extremity and exhaustion,he will have to use too much of his mental energy. If he uses too much of his mental energy,then disasters from blindness,deafness,and insanity will befall him. Hence the need of frugality.(Han Fei Zi,Chapter 20,trans. Liao 1939,vol. 1:180;italics mine)
在民眾參與政治活動(dòng)與社會(huì)發(fā)展的問題上,法家較之儒家有更強(qiáng)的權(quán)威主義性格。史華慈述儒法之異曰:
我們看到,在儒家那里,活生生的個(gè)體的代理人(盡管只代表先進(jìn)的精英分子)在塑造社會(huì)方面發(fā)揮著主導(dǎo)作用。……在法家那里,我們看到的則是,“客觀”的“行為”監(jiān)控機(jī)制成為實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)-政治的明顯目標(biāo)的自動(dòng)工具。以此觀之,我們可以說,在孔子生活的時(shí)代已經(jīng)有一股后來發(fā)展成人們稱之為法家的潮流,而《論語》在某種程度上則代表了對(duì)這股潮流未雨綢繆的疑慮和反抗。(Schwarz 1985:328)