不應(yīng)該僅僅考察雙方在契約執(zhí)行階段的關(guān)系而不考察事前討價還價關(guān)系的公正或競爭原則,這是不完整或不可取的。RobertNozick對于公正的看法是恰當?shù)模?分配是否公平取決于它是如何進行的。相比之下,公正的現(xiàn)時平分原則認為分配的公正取決于物品是如何分配的(誰擁有什么)。 (1975,p 153)他提到的達成公正的現(xiàn)時平分方法忽視了事前的討價還價,僅僅根據(jù)結(jié)果來評價公正與否。由于意識到公正是這樣實現(xiàn)的,初始討價還價達成的條款就會不同于交易各方在得到以下保證時達成的條款:在評價契約關(guān)系的優(yōu)點時,將會考慮完全契約。但若采取廣泛的討價還價方法仍然面臨兩個難題:資源的最初分配以及各方評價復(fù)雜契約的能力。這些問題的相對重要性隨著環(huán)境變化而變化。締約雙方不應(yīng)該希望既獲得低價格,又不必提供抵押品,魚與熊掌不可兼得。
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