守制與應變：清代臺灣城市規(guī)劃研究

第1章 緒論：為何研究清代臺灣城市規(guī)劃 001
1.1 中國地方城市規(guī)劃體系中的臺灣價值 002
1.2 兩岸相關研究綜述與比較 004
1.2.1   臺灣學界相關研究 004
1. 研究歷程 004
2. 主要議題 006
3. 研究特點 012
1.2.2   大陸學界相關研究 013
1. 研究歷程 013
2. 建筑與城市規(guī)劃領域的相關研究 014
3. 歷史學領域的相關研究 014
4. 研究特點 015
1.2.3   比較與思考 016
1.3 研究內(nèi)容與本書結構 017
1.3.1   研究內(nèi)容 017
1.3.2   研究素材 017
1.3.3   本書結構 019
第2章 建置歷程：行政區(qū)劃與治城建置的三個階段 021
2.1 前期（1683—1722  年）：偏居中南，府城為先 022
2.1.1   初設府縣，以固邊圉 023
2.1.2   重心南偏，轄域僅半 025
2.1.3   府城獨大，二縣空虛 029
2.1.4   半線以北，屢議添兵 031
2.2 中期（1723—1874  年）：濱海開拓，馭控山前 032
2.2.1   彰淡劃界，北路充實 033
2.2.2   增置巡檢，前沿開拓 034
2.2.3   噶瑪蘭設廳，后山初辟 036
2.2.4   人居發(fā)展，防汛延伸 038
2.3 后期（1875—1895  年）：開山撫番，覆蓋全臺 048
2.3.1   恒春設縣，變革開啟 048
2.3.2   臺北設府，內(nèi)山置廳 052
2.3.3   臺灣建省，居中而治 053
2.3.4   鋪線修路，全臺聯(lián)貫 057
2.4 總體特征與影響因素 061
2.4.1   內(nèi)亂外侵刺激 061
2.4.2   山川形勢制約 063
2.4.3   族群治理需求 066
2.4.4   資源開發(fā)驅動 068
第3章 山水格局：從“山前模式”到“盆地模式”（上） 071
3.1 臺灣地形與城市選址模式 072
3.2   “山前模式”典型城市選址與山水格局建構 074
3.2.1   諸羅縣城：諸山羅列，踞中高坐 074
1. 歸治前的山水形勢認知 074
2. 縣城規(guī)劃與山水格局建構 075
3. 山水格局的實際地形核查 080
3.2.2   彰化縣城：由武而文，百年建構 083
1. 設縣以前，半線營汛 083
2. 縣城規(guī)劃的三個階段 084
3.  山—城關系的三個階段 089
4. 山水格局的實際地形核查 094
3.2.3   淡水廳城：官民共塑，格局漸成 097
1. 依托漢莊，創(chuàng)建竹城 097
2. 官民共畫，增筑磚城 099
3. 地師參與，格局重塑 100
4. 山水格局的實際地形核查 105
3.2.4   噶瑪蘭廳城：地處適中，坐坎向離 107
1.      從“蛤仔難”到“噶瑪蘭” 107
2. 廳城選址與規(guī)劃 108
3. 廳城山水格局及朝向之辯 110
4. 山水格局的實際地形核查 113
3.2.5   鳳山縣城：新舊反復，山水調適 115
1. 鳳山舊城的選址規(guī)劃建設 116
2. 創(chuàng)筑城垣與山水格局建構 117
3. 遷建新城與山水格局重塑 122
4. 城址變動之本質 125
3.2.6  “山前模式”城市選址規(guī)劃的共性特征 127
第4章 山水格局：從“山前模式”到“盆地模式”（下） 131
4.1   “盆地模式”典型城市選址與山水格局建構 132
4.1.1   恒春縣城：山勢回環(huán)，全臺收局 132
1. 恒春設縣與縣城選址 132
2. 地形勘察與山水格局建構 135
3. 因應山水的縣城規(guī)劃建設 138
4.1.2   埔里社廳城：四山環(huán)繞，自成一局 140
1. 設廳前的埔里盆地 141
2. 埔里設廳，相地選址 142
3. 因應山水的廳城規(guī)劃建設 145
4.1.3   臺北府城：眾山環(huán)抱，蔚成大觀 149
1. 發(fā)現(xiàn)盆地：從邊緣到中心 149
2. 臺北設府，相地選址 151
3. 規(guī)劃調整，順應山水 154
4.1.4   臺中省城：山環(huán)水復，氣象宏敞 157
1. 省城選址，盆地突現(xiàn) 157
2. 建省以前的人居發(fā)展和山水認知 160
3. 因應山水，擇向筑城 162
4.1.5   “盆地模式”城市選址規(guī)劃的共性特征 163
4.2 城市選址與山水格局建構略論 165
4.2.1           城市山水格局的內(nèi)容與層次：“可見層次”與“可感層次” 165
1.   城市山水格局的“可見層次” 165
2.   城市山水格局的“可感層次” 166
4.2.2      城市山水格局的建構程序：“實質性建構”與“文本性建構” 168
1.    “實質性建構”早于“文本性建構” 168
2.    “實質性建構”同步于“文本性建構” 170
3.    “實質性建構”而無“文本性建構” 171
4.2.3   城市山水格局的建構者及其理論：專業(yè)理論與人居常識 172
4.2.4   城市山水格局建構的目的與意義：實用與象征 173
第5章 要素時序：衙垣學廟，分別緩急 175
5.1 功能空間要素與研究方法 176
5.2 治署的規(guī)劃建設情況及時序特點 177
5.2.1   設治后 1~5 年建署者為主流 179
5.2.2   設治同時建署者皆出于戰(zhàn)略考量 180
5.2.3   治臺初設府縣建署遲滯 180
5.3 城垣的規(guī)劃建設情況及時序特點 182
5.3.1   設治后 10 年以上筑城者近半 184
5.3.2   中、后期筑城較前期為迅 186
5.3.3   設治同時筑城者出于特殊安防需求 186
5.4 學宮的規(guī)劃建設情況及時序特點 188
5.4.1   設治同年即建學者皆為初設府縣 189
5.4.2   設治后 1~5 年建學者居多 191
5.4.3   設治后 10 年以上建學者各有原因 192
5.5 三壇一廟的規(guī)劃建設情況及時序特點 194
5.5.1   城隍廟建置率高，時序與建署／筑城相關 194
5.5.2   社稷、山川二壇多同時建設 199
5.5.3   邑厲壇建設時間較靈活 200
5.6 四類要素之間的規(guī)劃建設時序規(guī)律 201
5.6.1    治署優(yōu)先：“聽斷無所，無以肅觀瞻” 201
5.6.2   城垣當急：“衛(wèi)國守民，存國體而壯觀瞻” 203
5.6.3    學宮唯要：“化民成俗，莫先于學” 205
5.6.4    三壇一廟 ：“陽綱既立，陰律宜修” 206
5.7 功能空間要素配置與規(guī)劃建設時序的階段性特征 207
5.7.1   前、中期建置城市要素齊備率高，用時長，時序反常 207
5.7.2   后期建置城市要素齊備率低，用時短，時序常規(guī) 209
第6章 兩座省城：古典規(guī)劃傳統(tǒng)之絕響 213
6.1 兩座省城的規(guī)劃建設歷程 214
6.1.1   臺北府城的規(guī)劃建設歷程 214
6.1.2   臺中省城的規(guī)劃建設歷程 217
6.2 兩座省城的選址規(guī)劃理念與方法 222
6.2.1   擇中而治，山水中央 222
6.2.2   城市規(guī)模，等級秩序 229
6.2.3   城垣形態(tài)，理想圖示 230
6.2.4   山川立向，隨形就勢 234
6.2.5   配置完備，文教為先 236
6.2.6   官民共建，定章起造 238
6.3 兩項規(guī)劃的代表性與特殊性 239
6.3.1   同地域比較：對規(guī)劃傳統(tǒng)的“自覺”遵從 239
6.3.2   同時代比較：帶有傳統(tǒng)規(guī)劃體系的“不自覺”烙印 240
6.3.3   中國城市規(guī)劃傳統(tǒng)中的典型案例 241
第7章 地方城市規(guī)劃的“守制”與“應變” 243
7.1 中國城市規(guī)劃史中的臺灣價值 244
7.1.1   兩千年地方城市規(guī)劃傳統(tǒng)的最后真容 244
7.1.2   省域城市體系規(guī)劃的探索性實踐 245
7.1.3   前現(xiàn)代中國最后一座全新選址規(guī)劃的省城 246
7.1.4   邊疆人居開發(fā)史上的典型案例 247
7.2 清代臺灣實踐對地方城市規(guī)劃傳統(tǒng)的“守制”與“應變” 248
7.2.1   因應山水之“守”與“變” 248
7.2.2   要素時序之“守”與“變” 251
7.2.3   省城規(guī)劃之“守”與“變” 254
7.2.4   人居開發(fā)之“守”與“變” 256
參考文獻 259
索引 269
后記 273
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contents
Chapter 1   Introduction: why study the city planning in Taiwan during the Qing Dynasty 001
1.1 Significance of Taiwan in the Chinese city planning system 002
1.2 Review and comparison of relevant research 004
1.2.1 Relevant research in Taiwan 004
1. Research history 004
2. Main topics 006
3. Features and problems 012
1.2.2 Relevant research in Chinese mainland 013
1. Research history 013
2. Research from the architecture and urban planning field 014
3. Research from the history field 014
4. Features and problems 015
1.2.3 Comparison and Reflection 016
1.3 Contents and structure of this book 017
1.3.1 Research contents 017
1.3.2 Research materials 017
1.3.3 Structure of this book 019
Chapter 2   Developing process: three periods of administrative division and city establishment 021
2.1 Early period (1683-1722): initiating the city system with its center in the south 022
2.1.1 Setting up prefecture and counties to consolidate the frontier 023
2.1.2 Occupying half territory with the focus in the south 025
2.1.3 Bustling prefecture city and empty county cities 029
2.1.4 Debating on increasing armed force in the north 031
2.2 Middle period (1723-1874): extending northward along the
coastline 032
2.2.1 Setting up Changhua County and Tamsui County to develop the north 033
2.2.2 Controlling frontiers by establishing Xunjian agencies 034
2.2.3 Setting up Komalan County to reclaim the Houshan area 036
2.2.4 Population, economy, and security defense in this period 038
2.3 Late period (1875-1895): covering the entire island and going
deep into the mountains 048
2.3.1 Setting up a new country in the south to prevent foreign countries from coveting 048
2.3.2 Setting up new prefecture and counties in the northern and
mountainous area 052
2.3.3 Establishing Taiwan Province and siting the provincial city 053
2.3.4 Provincial planning and new constructions 057
2.4 Development characteristics and driving factors 061
2.4.1 Stimulations from internal uprisings and external invasions 061
2.4.2 Constraints of the natural environment and topography 063
2.4.3 Requirements for governing multiple ethnic groups 066
2.4.4 Impetus of exploiting natural resources 068
Chapter 3   Siting modes: from the Piedmont Mode to the Basin Mode (I) 071
3.1 Topography and city site selection modes in Taiwan 072
3.2 Typical cases of city site selection and landscape pattern construction of Piedmont Mode 074
3.2.1 Chulo city: sitting in the central highland, surrounded by mountains 074
1. Initial cognition of the natural environment 074
2. Planning the city and constructing its landscape pattern 075
3. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Chulo city 080
3.2.2 Changhua city: a hundred-year planning and construction from a
fort to a city 083
1. Banxian camp, the midpoint from Taiwan city to the north 083
2. Three phases of the city planning 084
3. Three phases of interaction between the city and the Bagua mountain 089
4. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Changhua city ... 094
3.2.3 Tamsui city: planning and construction collaboration between the authority and community 097
1. Initial planning of a bamboo city near an existing village 097
2. Upgrading to a brick city with joint efforts from the authority and community 099
3. Reshaping the city’s landscape pattern under geomancers’ guidance 100
4. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Tamsui city 105
3.2.4 Komalan city: sitting in the center of the basin and facing the south 107
1. From Ha-zai-nan to Ko-ma-lan 107
2. Siting and planning the city 108
3. Debating on the landscape pattern and city orientation 110
4. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Komalan city 113
3.2.5 Fengshan city: shifting and creating between two sites 115
1. Siting and planning the old city 116
2. Building the city wall and constructing the landscape pattern 117
3. Relocating the city and creating new landscape pattern 122
4. The underlying causes of city site shifting 125
3.2.6 The common features of city planning in Piedmont Mode cases 127
Chapter 4   Siting modes: from the Piedmont Mode to the Basin Mode (II) 131
4.1 Typical cases of city site selection and landscape pattern construction of Basin Mode 132
4.1.1 Hengchun city: a basin at the southern end of Taiwan island 132
1. Building a new city at the southern end 132
2. Surveying the terrain and constructing the landscape pattern 135
3. Planning the city in response to the topographic feature 138
4.1.2 Pulishe city: a unique open site in central mountain range 140
1. The Puli basin 141
2. Siting a new city for Pulishe County 142
3. Planning the city in response to the topographic feature 145
4.1.3 Taipei city: a grand basin at the northern end 149
1. Discovering the basin: from edge to center 149
2. Siting a new city for Taipei prefecture 151
3. Adjusting the plan to match the spatial order of the topography 154
4.1.4 Taiwan city: in the center of jurisdiction, in the middle of the landscape 157
1. Siting the provincial city in the basin 157
2. Settlements and landscape cognition before setting up the new prefecture 160
3. Planning the city in response to the topographic feature 162
4.1.5 The common features of city planning in Basin Mode cases 163
4.2 Some regularities in city siting and landscape pattern construction 165
4.2.1 The elements and composition of city landscape pattern: visible and perceptible parts 165
1. The visible part of city landscape pattern 165
2. The perceptible part of city landscape pattern 166
4.2.2 The construction procedure of city landscape pattern: substantial and textual construction 168
1. Substantial construction ahead of textual construction 168
2. Substantial construction synchronized with textual construction 170
3. Substantial construction without textual construction 171
4.2.3 The planners and knowledge in city landscape pattern construction: professional theory and common sense 172
4.2.4 The purpose and significance of city landscape pattern construction: practicality and symbolism 173
Chapter 5   Elements and sequence: allocation, priority, and preference 175
5.1 Spatial elements and study methodology 176
5.2 Planning and construction sequence of the government offices 177
5.2.1 Within 1 to 5 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 179
5.2.2 Immediately after setting up the prefectures and counties 180
5.2.3 Long delay after setting up the prefectures and counties 180
5.3 Planning and construction sequence of the city walls 182
5.3.1 More than 10 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 184
5.3.2 Within 1 to 5 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 186
5.3.3 Immediately after setting up the prefectures and counties 186
5.4 Planning and construction sequence of the official schools 188
5.4.1 Immediately after setting up the prefectures and counties 189
5.4.2 Within 1 to 5 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 191
5.4.3 More than 10 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 192
5.5 Planning and construction sequence of the offi altars and temples 194
5.5.1 The City-God Temple 194
5.5.2 The Altar of Land & Grain and the Altar of Mountain & River 199
5.5.3 The Altar of malevolent spirits 200
5.6 Planning and construction sequence among the four types of elements 201
5.6.1 Significance and priority of the government offices 201
5.6.2 Significance and priority of the city walls 203
5.6.3 Significance and priority of the official schools 205
5.6.4 Significance and sequence preference of the official altars and temples 206
5.7 Phased characteristics of planning and construction sequence 207
5.7.1 Phased characteristics of cities established in the early and middle periods 207
5.7.2 Phased characteristics of cities established in the late period 209
Chapter 6   Two provincial cities: the last examples of Chinese classical planning tradition 213
6.1 Planning and construction process of two provincial cities 214
6.1.1 Planning and construction process of Taipei city 214
6.1.2 Planning and construction process of Taichung city 217
6.2 Siting and planning ideas and methods of two provincial cities 222
6.2.1 Searching for the center of both the jurisdiction and topography 222
6.2.2 Sizing the city according to its hierarchy 229
6.2.3 Shaping the city with ideal geometry 230
6.2.4 Aligning the city’s orientation with the topography 234
6.2.5 Allocating functional facilities and spatial elements 236
6.2.6 Guiding private planning and construction through regulations 238
6.3 Representativeness and particularity of the two planning cases 239
6.3.1 Comparison with planning cases in the same region 239
6.3.2 Comparison with planning cases in the same era 240
6.3.3 Typical cases in Chinese classical planning tradition 241
Chapter 7   Regulations and variations in premodern Chinese city planning 243
7.1 Taiwan’s significance in Chinese city planning history 244
7.1.1 The fi group of examples of the two-thousand-year city planning tradition 244
7.1.2 An exploratory practice of city system planning at the provincial level 245
7.1.3 The last provincial city with new siting and planning in premodern China 246
7.1.4 Typical cases in the history of Chinese frontier settlements development 247
7.2 Regulations and variations in city planning practice of Qing Taiwan 248
7.2.1 Regulations and variations in landscape pattern construction 248
7.2.2 Regulations and variations in elements allocation and planning sequence 251
7.2.3 Regulations and variations in provincial city planning 254
7.2.4 Regulations and variations in human settlements development 256
References 259
Index 269
Acknowledgment 273