Acknowledgments Author biography Introduction 1 Brief history of the debate 1.1 The modern emergentists 1.2 Einstein. Pauli. and Schr6dinger 1.2.1 Albert Einstein 1.2.2 Wolfgang Pauli 1.2.3 Erwin Schrodinger 1.3 The return of emergence 1.4 Questioning the hierarchy 1.5 Weinberg and the response to P W Anderson 1.6 Universality and independence References 2 Some physics objections to emergence 2.1 Physics is fundamentally causally closed 2.2 Fundamental principles/laws govern everything 2.3 Symmetry is reduction 2.4 Coherence of physics and the sciences 2.5 Ontological emergence violates fundamental laws 2.6 Atomism. context and reductionism 2.7 Bare versus dressed states References 3 Contextual emergence 3.1 A framework of conditions 3.2 Stability conditions 3.3 Contextual topologies and abstraction 3.4 Contextual topologies and contexts 3.5 Possibility spaces 3.6 Ontic/epistemic states and observables References 4 Case studies from physics 4.1 Convection as a contextually-emergent state 4.1.1 Rayleigh-Benard convection 4.1.2 Convection cells as contextually-emergent 4.2 Temperature as a contextually-emergent property 4.2.1 Two transitions 4.2.2 The contextual emergence of temperature 4.2.3 Chemical potential as a contextually-emergent property 4.3 Molecular structure as a contextually-emergent property 4.3.1 The importance of molecular structure 4.3.2 Ontological contextual emergence of molecular structure 4.3.3 Quantum chemistry's classical/quantum algebra 4.4 Brief examples 4.4.1 The electromagnetic field 4.4.2 The fractional quantum Hall effect 4.4.3 Synthetic spin-l/2 systems 4.4.4 Lasers 4.4.5 Suppressing spatiotemporal instabilities References
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