List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations List of Terminology Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Background of the Book 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Significance of the Book 1.4 Organization of the Book Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Four Approaches to English Idiom Variants 2.3 Summary Chapter Three Research Methodology 3.1 Subjects 3.2 Instruments 3.3 Data Collection Procedures 3.4 Data Preparation 3.5 Data Analysis 3.6 Summary Chapter Four Results and Discussion 4.1 Idiom Retrieval 4.2 Idiom Modification 4.3 Processing Difficulty 4.4 Summary Chapter Five Conclusion 5.1 Major Findings 5.2 Implications 5.3 Limitations 5.4 Recommendations for Future Researches References Appendices