第1章 Introduction / 緒論 1
1-1 Engineering Ethics / 工程倫理 / 6
1-2 Myths about Process Safety / 關于過程安全的誤區(qū) / 7
Myth 1: Process Safety Costs a Lot of Money and Has a Negative Impact on the Company’s Bottom Line / 誤區(qū)1: 過程安全花費大量資金并且對公司的承受限度有負面影響 / 7
Myth 2: Process Safety Is the Same As Personal or Even Laboratory Safety / 誤區(qū)2: 過程安全等同于個人甚至實驗室安全 / 8
Myth 3: Process Safety Is No More Than Following Rules and Regulations / 誤區(qū)3: 過程安全無異于遵守規(guī)章制度 / 8
Myth 4: Process Safety Is a Soft Science—No More Than Hard Hats or Safety Shoes—Not Engineering Science / 誤區(qū)4: 過程安全是一門軟科學，無非就是安全帽或安全鞋，不是一門工程科學 / 9
Myth 5: Process Safety Applies Only to the Petrochemical Industry / 誤區(qū)5: 過程安全只適用于石油化工領域 / 9
Myth 6: Industry Should Train Graduates in Process Safety; This Topic Should Not Be a Part of the Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum / 誤區(qū)6: 行業(yè)應當對畢業(yè)生進行過程安全方面的培訓；本課題不應作為本科工程類課程的一部分 / 10
Myth 7: Process Safety Does Not Include Product Safety / 誤區(qū)7: 過程安全不包含產品安全 / 10
1-3 Safety Culture / 安全文化 / 10
1-4 Individual Risk, Societal Risk, and Risk Populations / 個人風險、社會風險和風險人群 / 13
1-5 Voluntary and Involuntary Risk / 自愿風險和非自愿風險 / 14
1-6 Safety Metrics / 安全指標 / 15
1-7 Accident and Loss Statistics / 事故和損失統(tǒng)計 / 17
1-8 Risk Perception / 風險認知 / 27
1-9 Risk Tolerance/Acceptance and Risk Matrix / 風險容忍度/接受度和風險矩陣 / 27
1-10 Codes, Standards, and Regulations / 規(guī)范、標準和法規(guī) / 31
1-11 Safeguards / 安全防護措施 / 33
1-12 The CCPS 20 Elements of Risk-Based Process Safety / 基于風險的過程安全的20個CCPS要素 / 36
1-13 Inherently Safer Design / 本質安全設計 / 42
1-14 The Worst Chemical Plant Tragedy: Bhopal, India, 1984 / 嚴重的化工悲?。?984年印度博帕爾事故 / 46
1-15 Overview of Chemical Process Safety / 化工過程安全概述 / 49
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 49
Problems / 習題 / 50
第2章 Toxicology / 毒理學 55
2-1 How Toxicants Enter the Body / 毒物侵入人體的途徑 / 56
Gastrointestinal Tract / 胃腸道 / 57
Skin / 皮膚 / 58
Respiratory System / 呼吸系統(tǒng) / 58
2-2 How Toxicants Are Eliminated from the Body / 從人體內消除毒物的途徑 / 59
2-3 Effects of Toxicants on the Body / 毒物對人體的影響 / 60
2-4 Toxicological Studies / 毒理學研究 / 61
2-5 Dose versus Response / 劑量與反應的關系 / 62
2-6 Dose and Response Using Probit Equation / 使用概率方程計算劑量與反應 / 68
2-7 Relative Toxicity / 相對毒性 / 74
2-8 Threshold Limit Values / 閾限值 / 75
Online Resources / 在線資源 / 76
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 77
Problems / 習題 / 77
第3章 Industrial Hygiene / 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生 79
3-1 Anticipating and Identifying Hazardous Workplace Exposures / 預測及辨識工作場所的有害暴露 / 80
3-2 Globally Harmonized System / 全球化學品統(tǒng)一分類和標簽制度 / 83
Globally Harmonized System for Safety Data Sheets / GHS安全數(shù)據(jù)表體系 / 83
Globally Harmonized System for Labeling / GHS標簽體系 / 87
3-3 Evaluate the Magnitude of Exposures and Responses / 對暴露和反應程度的評價 / 89
Evaluating Exposures to Volatile Toxicants by Monitoring / 通過監(jiān)測對揮發(fā)性毒物的暴露進行評價 / 90
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Dusts / 員工暴露于粉塵中的評價 / 93
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Noise / 員工暴露于噪聲中的評價 / 94
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Thermal Radiation / 員工暴露于熱輻射中的評價 / 96
Estimating Worker Exposures to Toxic Vapors / 員工暴露于有毒蒸氣中的評價 / 97
Estimating the Vaporization Rate of a Liquid / 液體蒸發(fā)速率的評價 / 100
Estimating Worker Exposures during Vessel Filling Operations / 員工暴露于容器灌裝作業(yè)中的評價 / 103
3-4 Develop and Evaluate Control Techniques to Prevent Exposures / 發(fā)展和評價用于防止暴露的控制技術 / 106
Respirators / 呼吸器 / 108
Ventilation / 通風 / 109
3-5 National Fire Protection Association Diamond / 美國消防協(xié)會菱形標簽 / 115
Online Resources / 在線資源 / 116
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 117
Problems / 習題 / 117
第4章 Source Models / 源模型 119
4-1 Introduction to Source Models / 源模型簡介 / 121
4-2 Flow of Liquid through a Hole / 液體經孔洞流出 / 123
4-3 Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank / 液體經儲罐上的孔洞流出 / 126
4-4 Flow of Liquids through Pipes / 液體經管道流出 / 130
2-K Method / 2-K方法 / 134
4-5 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Holes / 氣體或蒸氣經孔洞流出 / 140
4-6 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Pipes / 氣體或蒸氣經管道流出 / 145
Adiabatic Flows / 絕熱流動 / 146
Isothermal Flows / 等溫流動 / 152
4-7 Flashing Liquids / 閃蒸液體 / 162
4-8 Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling / 液池蒸發(fā)或沸騰 / 168
4-9 Realistic and Worst-Case Releases / 實際和壞情景釋放 / 169
4-10 Conservative Analysis / 保守分析 / 169
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 172
Problems / 習題 / 173
第5章 Hazardous Material Dispersion / 有害物質擴散 177
5-1 Parameters Affecting Dispersion / 影響擴散的參數(shù) / 178
5-2 Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models / 中性浮力擴散模型 / 183
5-3 Pasquill–Gifford Model / Pasquill–Gifford模型 / 184
Case 1: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Ground Level, Coordinates Fixed at Release Point, Constant Wind Only in x Direction with Constant Velocity u / 情況1: 地面上瞬時點源的煙團（坐標系固定在釋放點，風僅沿x軸方向，速度恒定為u）/ 189
Case 2: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情況2: 地面上連續(xù)穩(wěn)態(tài)源的煙羽（風速u恒定，風僅沿x軸方向）/ 190
Case 3: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情況3: 在地面上方Hr高度的連續(xù)穩(wěn)態(tài)源的煙羽（風速u恒定，風僅沿x軸方向）/ 190
Case 4: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System on the Ground That Moves with the Puff / 情況4: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬時點源的煙團（坐標系位于煙團中心的地面投影上，隨煙團移動）/ 191
Case 5: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System Fixed on the Ground at the Release Point / 情況5: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬時點源的煙團（坐標系固定在釋放點的地面投影上）/ 192
Isopleths / 等值線 / 192
Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy / 釋放動量和浮力的影響 / 193
Worst-Case Dispersion Conditions / 壞擴散事件情景 / 194
Limitations to Pasquill–Gifford Dispersion Modeling / Pasquill–Gifford擴散模型的局限性 / 195
5-4 Dense Gas Dispersion / 重氣擴散模型 / 197
5-5 Toxic Effect Criteria / 毒性作用標準 / 198
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines / 應急響應計劃指南 / 199
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health / 直接致害濃度 / 199
Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels and Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels / 緊急暴露指導限值和短時間公眾緊急暴露指導限值 / 202
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels / 急性暴露指導限值 / 204
Threshold Limit Values / 閾限值 / 207
Permissible Exposure Limits / 允許暴露限值 / 207
Toxic Endpoints / 毒性終點 / 207
5-6 Release Prevention and Mitigation / 釋放預防與緩解 / 209
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 212
Problems / 習題 / 212
第6章 Fires and Explosions / 火災和爆炸 219
6-1 The Fire Triangle / 火三角 / 220
6-2 Distinction between Fires and Explosions / 火災和爆炸的區(qū)別 / 221
6-3 Definitions / 定義 / 221
6-4 Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors / 液體和蒸氣的燃燒特性 / 224
Liquids / 液體 / 224
Gas and Vapor Mixtures / 氣體和蒸氣混合物 / 227
Flammability Limit Dependence on Temperature / 燃燒極限隨溫度的變化 / 229
Flammability Limit Dependence on Pressure / 燃燒極限隨壓力的變化 / 229
Estimating Flammability Limits / 燃燒極限估算 / 230
Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) and Inerting / 極限氧濃度（LOC）和惰化 / 234
Flammability Diagram / 可燃界限圖 / 236
Autoignition / 自燃 / 244
Auto-Oxidation / 自氧化 / 245
Adiabatic Compression / 絕熱壓縮 / 245
6-5 Flammability Characteristics of Dusts / 粉塵燃燒特性 / 247
6-6 Sprays and Mists / 薄霧和飛沫 / 248
6-7 Ignition Energy / 點火能 / 248
6-8 Ignition Sources / 點火源 / 250
6-9 Experimental Characterization of Gas/Vapor and Dust Explosions / 氣體/蒸氣和粉塵爆炸的實驗表征 / 251
Gases/Vapors / 氣體/蒸氣 / 251
Dusts / 粉塵 / 255
Application of Flammability Data of Gases/Vapors and Dusts / 氣體/蒸氣和粉塵可燃性數(shù)據(jù)的應用 / 258
6-10 Explosions / 爆炸 / 258
Detonation and Deflagration / 爆轟和爆燃 / 259
Confined Explosions / 受限爆炸 / 261
Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure / 超壓造成的爆炸傷害 / 261
TNT Equivalency / TNT當量法 / 265
TNO Multi-Energy Method / TNO多能法 / 266
Energy of Chemical Explosions / 化學爆炸能 / 270
Energy of Mechanical Explosions / 機械爆炸能 / 272
Missile Damage / 拋射物傷害 / 274
Blast Damage to People / 爆炸對人的傷害 / 274
Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE) / 蒸氣云爆炸（VCE） / 276
Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions / 沸騰液體擴展蒸氣云爆炸 / 277
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 278
Problems / 習題 / 278
第7章 Concepts to Prevent Fires and Explosions / 防火防爆基本概念 283
7-1 Inerting / 惰化 / 284
Vacuum Purging / 真空惰化 / 285
Pressure Purging / 壓力惰化 / 288
Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging / 真空-壓力聯(lián)合惰化 / 289
Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen / 使用不純氮氣進行真空和壓力惰化 / 291
Sweep-Through Purging / 吹掃惰化 / 292
Siphon Purging / 虹吸惰化 / 293
Using the Flammability Diagram to Avoid Flammable Atmospheres / 使用可燃界限圖避免可燃性氣氛 / 293
7-2 Static Electricity / 靜電 / 299
Fundamentals of Static Charge / 靜電基本原理 / 299
Charge Accumulation / 電荷積聚 / 300
Electrostatic Discharges / 靜電放電 / 300
Energy from Electrostatic Discharges / 靜電釋放能 / 303
Energy of Electrostatic Ignition Sources / 靜電點火源能量 / 304
Streaming Current / 流動電流 / 304
Electrostatic Voltage Drops / 靜電電壓降 / 307
Energy of Charged Capacitors / 荷電電容器的能量 / 308
Capacitance of a Body / 物體的電容 / 312
7-3 Controlling Static Electricity / 控制靜電 / 315
General Design Methods to Prevent Electrostatic Ignitions / 防止靜電點燃的通用設計方法 / 316
Relaxation / 弛豫 / 317
Bonding and Grounding / 搭接和接地 / 317
Dip Pipes / 采用浸漬管 / 320
Increasing Conductivity with Additives / 使用添加劑增加導電性 / 321
Handling Solids without Flammable Vapors / 在沒有可燃蒸氣存在的條件下處理固體 / 321
Handling Solids with Flammable Vapors / 在可燃蒸氣存在的條件下處理固體 / 321
7-4 Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments / 防爆設備和工具 / 323
Explosion-Proof Housings / 防爆外殼 / 323
Area and Material Classification / 區(qū)域和物料分類 / 324
Design of an XP Rated Area / XP級區(qū)域的設計 / 325
7-5 Ventilation / 通風 / 325
Open-Air Plants / 露天裝置 / 325
Plants Inside Buildings / 建筑內的裝置 / 326
7-6 Sprinkler Systems / 噴淋系統(tǒng) / 329
7-7 Industry’s Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 工業(yè)防火防爆方法 / 332
Practices / 實踐 / 332
Passive and Active Systems / 被動和主動系統(tǒng) / 333
Plant Fire Protection Infrastructure / 工廠防火基礎設施 / 333
Documentation of Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 防火防爆方法檔案 / 334
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 334
Problems / 習題 / 334
第8章 Chemical Reactivity / 化學反應性 337
8-1 Background Understanding / 背景介紹 / 338
8-2 Commitment, Awareness, and Identification of Reactive Chemical Hazards / 反應性化學危害的承諾、認知和辨識 / 340
8-3 Characterization of Reactive Chemical Hazards Using Calorimeters / 用量熱儀表征反應性化學危害 / 346
Introduction to Reactive Hazards Calorimetry / 反應性危害量熱簡介 / 347
Theoretical Analysis of Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的理論分析 / 353
Estimation of Parameters from Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的參數(shù)估算 / 364
Adjusting the Data for the Heat Capacity of the Sample Vessel / 樣品容器熱容數(shù)據(jù)的調整 / 369
Heat of Reaction Data from Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀的反應熱數(shù)據(jù) / 370
Using Pressure Data from the Calorimeter / 量熱儀壓力數(shù)據(jù)的使用 / 370
Application of Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的應用 / 371
8-4 Controlling Reactive Hazards / 反應性化學危害的控制 / 372
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 374
Problems / 習題 / 374
第9章 Introduction to Reliefs / 泄放概述 379
9-1 Relief Concepts / 泄放的概念 / 380
9-2 Definitions / 泄放相關術語 / 381
9-3 Code Requirements / 規(guī)范及要求 / 383
9-4 Relief System Design / 泄放系統(tǒng)設計 / 386
Fire Protection / 防火 / 391
9-5 Relief Types and Characteristics / 泄放設備的類型和特征 / 391
Spring-Operated Reliefs / 彈簧式泄放閥 / 392
Rupture Discs / 爆破片 / 394
Buckling or Rupture Pin Reliefs / 屈曲或銷式泄放閥 / 395
Pilot-Operated Reliefs / 先導式泄放閥 / 396
Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Reliefs / 不同泄放設備的優(yōu)缺點 / 400
9-6 Relief Installation Practices / 泄放設備安裝實踐 / 400
9-7 Relief Effluent Handling / 泄放物的處置 / 403
Horizontal Knockout Drum / 水平分液罐 / 405
Flares / 火炬 / 405
Scrubbers / 洗滌器 / 406
Condensers / 冷凝器 / 406
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 406
Problems / 習題 / 406
第10章 Relief Sizing / 泄放尺寸 411
10-1 Set Pressure and Accumulation Limits for Reliefs / 泄放設備的設定壓力和累積壓力限值 / 413
10-2 Relief Sizing for Liquid Service / 液體裝置的泄放尺寸 / 415
10-3 Relief Sizing for Vapor and Gas Service / 蒸氣和氣體裝置的泄放尺寸 / 422
Subcritical Vapor/Gas Flow / 亞臨界蒸氣/氣體流 / 424
Steam Flow Relief Sizing / 蒸汽流的泄放尺寸 / 424
Rupture Disc Sizing / 爆破片泄放尺寸 / 424
Pilot-Operated Relief Sizing / 先導式泄放閥泄放尺寸 / 425
Buckling Pin Relief Sizing / 屈曲或銷式泄放閥泄放尺寸 / 425
10-4 Two-Phase Flow during Runaway Reaction Relief / 失控反應器泄放的兩相流 / 428
10-5 Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions / 粉塵和蒸氣爆炸的爆燃泄放 / 434
Vents for Gases/Vapors and Mists / 氣體/蒸氣和霧氣的泄放 / 436
Vents for Dusts and Hybrid Mixtures / 粉塵和混合物的泄放 / 439
10-6 Venting for Fires External to the Process / 火災環(huán)境下工藝容器的泄放 / 440
10-7 Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids / 工藝流體熱膨脹的泄放 / 444
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 447
Problems / 習題 / 449
第11章 Hazards Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨識和評估 453
11-1 Introduction to Hazard Identification/ Evaluation and Risk Analysis / 危害辨識/評估和風險分析簡介 / 455
11-2 Non-Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/Evaluation Methods / 基于非事故場景的危害辨識/評估方法 / 463
Checklist Analysis / 安全檢查表分析 / 463
Safety Reviews / 安全審查 / 466
Inherent Safety Reviews / 本質安全審查 / 467
Preliminary Hazard Analysis / 預先危險分析 / 468
Relative Ranking / 相對危害等級分析 / 469
11-3 Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/ Evaluation Methods / 基于事故場景的危害辨識/評估方法 / 471
Hazard and Operability Studies / 危險和可操作性研究 / 471
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis / 故障模式及影響分析 / 479
What-If Analysis / 假設分析 / 482
What-If/Checklist Analysis / 假設/檢查表分析 / 482
11-4 Documentation and Actions Required for Hazard Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨識和評估所需的方法和文檔 / 483
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 483
Problems / 習題 / 483
第12章 Risk Analysis and Assessment / 風險分析和評價 487
12-1 Review of Probability Theory / 概率論回顧 / 487
Interactions between Process Units / 工藝單元間的相互作用 / 489
Revealed and Unrevealed Failures / 顯性失效和隱性失效 / 496
Probability of Coincidence / 重合概率 / 499
Redundancy / 冗余 / 500
Common-Cause Failures / 共模失效 / 501
12-2 Event Trees / 事件樹 / 501
12-3 Fault Trees / 事故樹 / 506
Determining the Minimal Cut Sets / 小割集的確定 / 509
Quantitative Calculations Using the Fault Tree / 事故樹的定量計算 / 512
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees / 事故樹的優(yōu)缺點 / 512
12-4 Bow-Tie Diagrams / 領結圖 / 513
12-5 Quantitative Risk Analysis / 定量風險分析 / 514
12-6 Layer of Protection Analysis / 保護層分析 / 515
Estimating the LOPA Consequence / LOPA后果評估 / 518
Estimating the LOPA Frequency / LOPA頻率評估 / 518
12-7 Risk Assessment / 風險評價 / 526
Consequence versus Frequency Plot / 后果與頻率曲線圖 / 526
Individual Risk: Risk Contours / 個人風險: 風險等值線 / 526
Societal Risk: F-N Plots / 社會風險: F-N圖 / 527
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 530
Problems / 習題 / 530
第13章 Safety Strategies, Procedures, and Designs / 安全策略、程序與設計 533
13-1 Process Safety Strategies / 過程安全策略 / 533
Process Safety Hierarchy / 過程安全層級 / 533
Human Factors / 人為因素 / 533
Managing Safety / 安全管理 / 534
Incident Investigations / 事故調查 / 535
Root Cause Analysis / 根本原因分析 / 536
13-2 Safe Operating Procedures / 安全操作程序 / 537
13-3 Safe Work Practices / 安全作業(yè)準則 / 538
Hot Work / 動火作業(yè) / 539
Energy Isolation (Lock-Out/Tag-Out—LOTO; Lock, Tag, Try) / 隔絕能量（上鎖/掛牌; 上鎖-掛牌-測試）/ 539
Confined-Space Entry (Vessel Entry) / 進入受限空間（進入容器內）/ 540
13-4 Designs for Process Safety / 過程安全設計 / 541
Inherently Safer Designs / 本質安全設計 / 541
Controls: Emergency Isolation Valves / 緊急隔離閥控制 / 541
Controls: Double Block and Bleed / 雙關雙泄放控制 / 541
Controls: Safeguards and Redundancy / 安全防護措施或冗余控制 / 542
Controls: Explosion Suppression / 抑爆控制 / 543
Flame Arrestors / 阻火器 / 544
Containment / 容納系統(tǒng) / 544
Materials of Construction / 設備選材 / 545
Process Vessels / 工藝容器 / 546
Miscellaneous Designs for Preventing Fires and Explosions / 防火和防爆設計 / 547
13-5 Designs for Runaway Reactions / 失控反應設計 / 547
13-6 Designs and Practices for the Safe Handling of Dusts / 粉塵安全處理的設計和實踐 / 548
Preventing Dust Explosions / 防止粉塵爆炸 / 549
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 549
Problems / 習題 / 550
第14章 Case Histories and Lessons Learned / 事故案例及經驗教訓 551
14-1 Process Safety Culture / 過程安全文化 / 552
Case History: Explosions at a Refinery Due to Inadequate Process Safety Culture / 事故案例：因缺乏過程安全文化而導致的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 552
14-2 Compliance with Standards / 安全標準的遵守 / 553
Case History: Dust Explosions at a Pharmaceutical Plant Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Standards / 事故案例：因對使用標準的培訓不足導致的制藥廠粉塵爆炸事故 / 553
14-3 Process Safety Competency / 過程安全能力 / 554
Case History: An Explosion of a Blender Due to Inadequate Knowledge of Chemical Process Safety / 事故案例：因缺乏化工過程安全知識導致的攪拌器爆炸事故 / 554
14-4 Workplace Involvement / 工作場所的參與度 / 555
Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Lock-Out/Tag-Out Permit System / 事故案例：因缺乏上鎖/掛牌許可程序導致的帶式攪拌器死亡事故 / 555
14-5 Stakeholder Outreach / 與利益相關者溝通 / 556
Case History: Increased Consequences in an Adjacent Community Due to Inadequate Outreach / 事故案例：缺乏溝通而導致事故后果升級擴大到毗鄰企業(yè) / 556
14-6 Process Knowledge Management / 過程安全知識管理 / 556
Case History: A Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Process Knowledge Management / 事故案例：缺乏過程安全知識管理引發(fā)的失控反應和爆炸事故 / 556
14-7 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis / 危害辨識和風險分析 / 557
Case History: A Chemical Release and Fire Due to Inadequate Identification of Brittle Metal Failure / 事故案例：未對脆性金屬故障進行有效識別而導致的化學物質釋放和火災事故 / 557
14-8 Operating Procedures / 操作程序 / 558
Case History: A Fatality from a Runaway Reaction Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Procedures / 事故案例：因未對操作程序進行充分的培訓而導致的失控反應死亡事故 / 558
Case History: Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Procedures / 事故案例：不當?shù)牟僮鞒绦蛞l(fā)的失控反應和爆炸事故 / 559
14-9 Safe Work Practices / 安全作業(yè)準則 / 559
Case History: An Explosion Due to a Missing Hot-Work-Permit System / 事故案例：因缺少動火作業(yè)許可系統(tǒng)導致的爆炸事故 / 560
14-10 Asset Integrity and Reliability / 資產的完整性和可靠性 / 560
Case History: A Catastrophic Pipe Rupture Due to an Inadequate Asset Integrity Program / 事故案例：由于資產完整性規(guī)劃不充分而導致的災難性管道破裂事故 / 561
14-11 Contractor Management / 承包商管理 / 561
Case History: Fire and Fatalities in a Tunnel Due to Poor Management of Contractors / 事故案例：由于承包商管理不善造成的隧道火災和死亡事故 / 561
14-12 Training and Performance Assurance / 安全培訓和工作表現(xiàn) / 562
Case History: An LPG Leak and BLEVE Due to Inadequate Training / 事故案例：由于培訓不足而導致的液化石油氣泄漏和沸騰液體膨脹蒸氣爆炸事故 / 562
14-13 Management of Change / 變更管理 / 563
Case History: An Explosion Due to Missing Management of Change Procedure / 事故案例：在變更過程中缺乏管理導致的爆炸事故 / 563
14-14 Operational Readiness / 作業(yè)準備 / 564
Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Pre-Startup Safety Review / 事故案例：由于啟動前對帶式攪拌器的安全審查不充分導致的死亡事故 / 564
14-15 Conduct of Operations / 進行中的作業(yè) / 565
Case History: Explosions in a Refinery Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例：因員工操作不當引起的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 565
Case History: A Toxic Release Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例：由于操作不當導致的有毒物質釋放事故 / 565
14-16 Emergency Management / 應急管理 / 566
Case History: An Ammonium Nitrate Explosion Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例：由于應急管理不力導致的硝酸銨爆炸事故 / 566
Case History: An Explosion in a Pesticide Plant Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例：由于應急管理不到位而發(fā)生的農藥廠爆炸事故 / 567
14-17 Incident Investigation / 事故調查 / 567
Case History: Space Shuttle Fatalities Caused by Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例：因事故調查不充分導致的航天飛機失事事故 / 568
Case History: Explosions in a Sugar Refinery Due to Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例：因事故調查不充分導致的煉糖廠爆炸事故 / 568
14-18 Measurement and Metrics / 安全計量和指標 / 569
Case History: Flight Failure of Mars Orbiter Due to Inadequate Analysis of Flight Path Deviations / 事故案例：因對飛行路徑偏差的分析不充分而導致的火星軌道飛行器的飛行失敗事故 / 569
Case History: Explosions in an Oil Refinery Due to Inadequate Focus on Process Safety Metrics / 事故案例：對過程安全指標重視不夠造成的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 569
14-19 Auditing / 安全審查 / 570
Case History: Explosion in a Gas Plant Due to an Inadequate Audit of Asset Integrity and Reliability / 事故案例：由于資產完整性和可靠性審查不足導致的天然氣廠爆炸事故 / 570
14-20 Management Review and Continuous Improvement / 安全管理審查和持續(xù)改進 / 570
Case History: An Explosion Due to the Failure of Many RBPS Elements / 事故案例：由于眾多RBPS元素失效而導致的爆炸事故 / 571
14-21 Summary / 總結 / 571
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 571
Problems / 習題 / 572
APPENDIX / 附錄 573
A Unit Conversion Constants / 單位換算常數(shù) / 573
B Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons / 常見碳氫化合物的燃燒數(shù)據(jù) / 576
C Saturation Vapor Pressure Data / 飽和蒸氣壓數(shù)據(jù) / 581
D Special Types of Reactive Chemicals / 特殊類型的反應性化學物質 / 582
E Hazardous Chemicals Data for a Variety of Chemical Substances / 化學物質的危險特性數(shù)據(jù) / 588
F Process Diagrams / 流程圖 / 594
Nomenclature / 符號表 598
Index / 電子索引
鄂公網安備 42010302001612號 