Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvi List of symbols xxvii
1 A meaningful approach 1 1.1 How to use this book 1 1.2 Grammar and meaning 2 1.3 Meaning potential 3 1.4 System networks 5 1.5 Language in use 6 1.6 The study of texts 7 1.7 The notion of rank 9 1.8 Functions and metafunctions 12 Summary 15 Further study 15 Exercises 16
2 Labels 19 2.1 Music, mathematics, medicine and motor-vehicle maintenance 19 2.2 A political parable 19 2.3 Word classes 21 2.4 Subjects 30 2.5 Groups 32 2.6 Three ways of looking at a clause 35 Summary 37 Further study 37 Exercises 38
3 Clause structure 41 3.1 Subject revisited 41 3.2 Finites and Predicators 46 3.3 Complements 51 3.4 Adjuncts 53 3.5 Sample analysis 60 Summary 61 Further study 61 Exercises 62
4 Information structure and thematic structure 65 4.1 Organizing ideas 65 4.2 Information structure: Given and New information 66 4.3 Thematic structure: Theme and Rheme 72 4.4 The interaction of information structure and thematic structure 80 Summary 82 Further study 82 Exercises 83
5 Grammar and text 86 5.1 Text and texture 86 5.2 The textual component of the grammar 87 5.3 Thematic progression 90 5.4 Cohesive ties 95 Summary 103 Further study 103 Exercises 105
6 Process and participant 108 6.1 Transitivity: the clause as representation 108 6.2 Processes 110 6.3 Material process 112 6.4 Mental process 118 6.5 Relational process 122 6.6 Verbal process 125 6.7 Other processes 128 6.8 Grammatical metaphor 129 6.9 Circumstance 134 Summary 135 Further study 136 Exercises 137
7 Group structure 140 7.1 Groups revisited 140 7.2 Nominal Groups 140 7.3 Verbal groups 150 7.4 Other group complexes and phrase complexes 156 Summary 157 Further study 158 Exercises 159
8 Embedded clauses 162 8.1 Embedded clause as Postmodifier/Qualifier 162 8.2 Multiple embedding of clauses 170 8.3 Embedded clause as Subject or Complement 172 8.4 Postposed clauses 174 8.5 Other embedded clauses 176 Summary 177 Further study 178 Exercises 178
9 Clause complexes: expansion 181 9.1 Ways of combining clauses 181 9.2 Paratactic clause relations 181 9.3 Hypotactic clause relations 184 9.4 More complicated complexes 195 Summary 197 Further study 198 Exercises 198
10 Clause complexes: projection 202 10.1 Projection 202 10.2 Paratactic projection 202 10.3 Hypotactic projection 204 10.4 Non-finite projection 207 10.5 Grammatical metaphor: embedding versus dependency 208 10.6 Even more complicated complexes 211 10.7 Ambiguous structures 216 Summary 216 Further study 217 Exercises 218
11 Applications of functional analysis 222 11.1 Explanations and theories 222 11.2 Writing in science and technology 223 11.3 Language development and language teaching 228 11.4 Language and literature: valued texts 233 11.5 Language and power 235 11.6 On applications and SFL theory 238 Summary 239 Further study 240
12 Historical perspectives 242 12.1 Origins 242 12.2 Before the twentieth century 242 12.3 De Saussure 244 12.4 Linguistics in America 246 12.5 Whorf 249 12.6 The Prague School 252 12.7 Malinowski and Firth 252 12.8 Corpus linguistics 254 12.9 Some functional alternatives 256 12.10 Systemic functional 'grammars' 258 Summary 259 Further study 260
Answer key 262 Glossary 285 References 296 Index of authors 310 Subject index 314Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvi List of symbols xxvii
1 A meaningful approach 1 1.1 How to use this book 1 1.2 Grammar and meaning 2 1.3 Meaning potential 3 1.4 System networks 5 1.5 Language in use 6 1.6 The study of texts 7 1.7 The notion of rank 9 1.8 Functions and metafunctions 12 Summary 15 Further study 15 Exercises 16
2 Labels 19 2.1 Music, mathematics, medicine and motor-vehicle maintenance 19 2.2 A political parable 19 2.3 Word classes 21 2.4 Subjects 30 2.5 Groups 32 2.6 Three ways of looking at a clause 35 Summary 37 Further study 37 Exercises 38
3 Clause structure 41 3.1 Subject revisited 41 3.2 Finites and Predicators 46 3.3 Complements 51 3.4 Adjuncts 53 3.5 Sample analysis 60 Summary 61 Further study 61 Exercises 62
4 Information structure and thematic structure 65 4.1 Organizing ideas 65 4.2 Information structure: Given and New information 66 4.3 Thematic structure: Theme and Rheme 72 4.4 The interaction of information structure and thematic structure 80 Summary 82 Further study 82 Exercises 83
5 Grammar and text 86 5.1 Text and texture 86 5.2 The textual component of the grammar 87 5.3 Thematic progression 90 5.4 Cohesive ties 95 Summary 103 Further study 103 Exercises 105
6 Process and participant 108 6.1 Transitivity: the clause as representation 108 6.2 Processes 110 6.3 Material process 112 6.4 Mental process 118 6.5 Relational process 122 6.6 Verbal process 125 6.7 Other processes 128 6.8 Grammatical metaphor 129 6.9 Circumstance 134 Summary 135 Further study 136 Exercises 137
7 Group structure 140 7.1 Groups revisited 140 7.2 Nominal Groups 140 7.3 Verbal groups 150 7.4 Other group complexes and phrase complexes 156 Summary 157 Further study 158 Exercises 159
8 Embedded clauses 162 8.1 Embedded clause as Postmodifier/Qualifier 162 8.2 Multiple embedding of clauses 170 8.3 Embedded clause as Subject or Complement 172 8.4 Postposed clauses 174 8.5 Other embedded clauses 176 Summary 177 Further study 178 Exercises 178
9 Clause complexes: expansion 181 9.1 Ways of combining clauses 181 9.2 Paratactic clause relations 181 9.3 Hypotactic clause relations 184 9.4 More complicated complexes 195 Summary 197 Further study 198 Exercises 198
10 Clause complexes: projection 202 10.1 Projection 202 10.2 Paratactic projection 202 10.3 Hypotactic projection 204 10.4 Non-finite projection 207 10.5 Grammatical metaphor: embedding versus dependency 208 10.6 Even more complicated complexes 211 10.7 Ambiguous structures 216 Summary 216 Further study 217 Exercises 218
11 Applications of functional analysis 222 11.1 Explanations and theories 222 11.2 Writing in science and technology 223 11.3 Language development and language teaching 228 11.4 Language and literature: valued texts 233 11.5 Language and power 235 11.6 On applications and SFL theory 238 Summary 239 Further study 240
12 Historical perspectives 242 12.1 Origins 242 12.2 Before the twentieth century 242 12.3 De Saussure 244 12.4 Linguistics in America 246 12.5 Whorf 249 12.6 The Prague School 252 12.7 Malinowski and Firth 252 12.8 Corpus linguistics 254 12.9 Some functional alternatives 256 12.10 Systemic functional 'grammars' 258 Summary 259 Further study 260
Answer key 262 Glossary 285 References 296 Index of authors 310 Subject index 314