CHAPTER 1 Properties of gases.1 1.1 Gas equations 1 1.1.1 Ideal gas equations.. 2 1.1.2 Gas index equation.. 3 1.1.3 Actual gas equation. 5 1.1.4 Degree of gas molecular freedom .. 5 1.1.5 Specific heat capacity 7 1.2 Viscosity ..7 1.3 Property of wet gas .11 1.3.1 Pressure .. 12 1.3.2 Humidity. 13 1.3.3 Dew point temperature 14 References 14 CHAPTER 2 Gas lubrication equations. 15 2.1 Reynolds equation 15 2.1.1 Derivation of Reynolds equation.. 16 2.1.2 Reynolds equation in the polar coordinate system . 19 2.1.3 Reynolds equation in the cylindrical coordinate system.. 19 2.1.4 Lubrication parameters .. 20 2.2 Energy equation.22 2.2.1 Chang of gas inner energy 23 2.2.2 External work on gas and energy loss 24 2.3 Solid heat conduction equation and the interface equation ..26 2.4 Numerical analysis method.27 2.4.1 Finite difference method 27 2.4.2 Flow conservation. 28 2.4.3 Friction force balance . 34 References 35 CHAPTER 3 Isothermal gas lubrication .. 37 3.1 Sliders .37 3.1.1 Lubrication equation 38 3.1.2 Pressure boundary condition 40 3.1.3 Lubrication performance parameters.. 40 VI Contents 3.2 3.3 CHAPTER 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 3.1.4 Hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of sliders.. 41 3.1.5 Hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of divergent sliders .. 43 3.1.6 Lubrication characteristics of the magnetic head slider . 45 Journal bearing and radial seal .51 3.2.1 Lubrication equations.. 52 3.2.2 Boundary conditions 52 3.2.3 Lubrication parameters .. 53 3.2.4 Lubrication characteristics 55 Spiral groove thrust bearing56 3.3.1 Gas lubrication equations.. 59 3.3.2 Pressure boundary conditions . 60 3.3.3 Lubrication parameters .. 60 3.3.4 Lubrication characteristics 61 3.3.5 Spiral groove face seal 64 3.3.6 Lubrication equations.. 65 3.3.7 Pressure boundary conditions . 65 3.3.8 Seal performance parameters.. 66 3.3.9 Lubrication regularity . 66 References 71 Gas thermohydrodynamic lubrication of rigid surfaces.. 73 Sliders .73 4.1.1 Gas lubrication equations.. 73 4.1.2 Boundary conditions 75 4.1.3 Thermal lubrication characteristics . 75 Journal bearing and radial seal .79 4.2.1 Lubrication equations.. 79 4.2.2 Thermal boundary condition 80 4.2.3 Lubrication property 80 Spiral groove thrust bearing83 4.3.1 Lubrication equations.. 83 4.3.2 Boundary conditions 85 4.3.3 Lubrication property 86 Spiral groove face seal..86 4.4.1 Temperature characteristics of gas film 91 4.4.2 Lubrication property 94 References 99 Contents VII CHAPTER 5 Gas thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication of face seals . 101 5.1 Fundamental equations101 5.1.1 Lubrication equations 101 5.1.2 Boundary conditions . 104 5.2 Choked fluid effect107 5.2.1 Model validation . 107 5.2.2 Pressure distribution characteristics . 109 5.3 Characteristics of thermoelastic distortions of seal faces..109 5.4 Characteristics of gas thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication..111 5.4.1 Mechanical distortions . 111 5.4.2 Thermal distortions 115 5.4.3 Thermoelastic distortions 117 References. 120 CHAPTER 6 Transient thermoelastohydrodynamic gas lubrication of face seals 121 6.1 Fundamental equations121 6.1.1 Dynamic equations. 122 6.1.2 Lubrication equations 122 6.1.3 Boundary conditions . 123 6.1.4 Dynamic characteristic parameter . 123 6.2 Dynamic characteristics of isothermal gas lubrication .124 6.2.1 Axial stiffness and damping . 124 6.2.2 Angular stiffness and damping 126 6.2.3 Amplitude-frequency characteristics of gas film .. 129 6.3 Dynamic characteristics of thermal gas lubrication of rigid surfaces 130 6.3.1 Axial stiffness and damping . 131 6.3.2 Angular stiffness and damping 134 6.3.3 Amplitude-frequency characteristics of gas film .. 137 6.4 Dynamic characteristics of gas thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication..137 6.4.1 Axial stiffness and damping . 137 6.4.2 Angular stiffness and damping of gas film .. 139 6.4.3 Amplitude-frequency characteristics of gas film. 140 References. 141 VIII Contents CHAPTER 7 Vapor-condensed gas lubrication of face seals .. 143 7.1 Fundamental equations143 7.1.1 Wet gas equations .. 143 7.1.2 Vapor-condensed parameter . 145 7.2 Characteristics of vapor condensation in gas lubrication film 145 7.3 Laws of vapor condensation in gas lubrication film..146 7.3.1 Humidity.. 146 7.3.2 Seal clearance 147 7.3.3 Seal pressure . 148 7.3.4 Rotational speed.. 148 7.4 Movement of liquid drops on gas lubrication surfaces.150 7.4.1 Surface wetting model . 150 7.4.2 Surface-texture geometry parameters and wettability 152 7.4.3 Droplet motion . 158 7.4.4 Drop adsorption on seal surface . 164 References. 164 CHAPTER 8 Cryogenic gas lubrication of face seals 167 8.1 Fundamental equations167 8.1.1 Lubrication equations 168 8.1.2 Boundary conditions . 171 8.2 Phase change in gas lubrication film..172 8.3 Characteristics of thermoelastic distortions of seal faces 173 8.4 Characteristics of cryogenic gas lubrication173 8.4.1 Ambient temperature 174 8.4.2 Rotation speed.. 174 References. 177 CHAPTER 9 Surface grooves of gas face seals and testing technology.. 179 9.1 Surface grooves of gas face seals .179 9.2 Testing technology of gas face seals ..185 9.2.1 Experimental setup. 185 9.2.2 Face groove machining 185 9.2.3 Face morphology test 187 9.3 Experimental characteristics of gas face seals ..188 9.3.1 Seal opening characteristic 188 9.3.2 Hydrodynamic characteristics.. 190 Contents IX 9.3.3 Surface wear.. 192 References. 195 CHAPTER 10 Design of gas face seals 197 10.1 Force analysis of gas seals197 10.1.1 Opening force. 198 10.1.2 Closing force.. 198 10.1.3 O-ring friction force 199 10.2 Geometric parameters of gas face seals 199 10.2.1 Seal clearance. 199 10.2.2 Seal face width.. 199 10.2.3 Balance diameter.. 200 10.2.4 Seal face and shaft (shaft sleeve) clearance.. 200 10.3 Performance parameters of gas face seals201 10.3.1 Leakage rate 201 10.3.2 Gas film stiffness . 201 10.4 Materials of the seal couple .202 10.5 Dimension design of seal rings..202 10.5.1 Design of rotor dimension .. 202 10.5.2 Design of stator dimension . 203 10.5.3 Design of the face groove 204 10.6 Design of the secondary seal ..205 10.7 Process of seal design and illustration205 10.7.1 Process of seal design 205 10.7.2 Design conditions. 206 10.7.3 Design steps 206 References. 218 Index .219
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