CHAPTER I The Period Prior to the “Opium Wars” (1773-1834) CHAPTER II The Period of “Opium Wars and the Legalization Treaty (1834-1860) CHAPTER III The Period of Opium Likin and the Chefoo Convention (1860-1885) CHAPTER IV The Period of Maintaining the Status Quo (1885-1906) CHAPTER V The Period of Reform (1906 onward)