Chapter 1 General Introduction 1.1 Poverty-Environment Nexus in Less Favored Areas 1.2 Unsustainable Development on the Loess Plateau 1.3 The Launch of the Grain for Green Program 1.4 Literature Review on GfG 1.4.1 Impact Analysis of GfG on Agricultural Production and Rural Livelihoods 1.4.2 Mechanism of the Impact of GfG on Agricultural Production and Rural Livelihoods 1.5 Objectives of the Book 1.6 Organization of the Book Chapter 2 Justification of Productivity, Efficiency Analysis under the Context of GfG 2.1 Productivity and Efficiency 2.1.1 Productivity 2.1.2 Efficiency 2.2 Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods 2.3 Justification of Productivity and Efficiency Analysis under the Context of GfG for the Sake of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods …… Chapter 3 General Description of the Study Area Chapter 4 Agricultural TFP and Efficiency Change Induced by GfG Chapter 5 Farm Efficiency and Its Determinant Factors Chapter 6 Deternunant of Off-farm Employment and Household Welfare Chapter 7 Farm-household Technical Efficiency and Its Determinant Factors Chapter 8 Discussion, General Conclusion and Policy Implications Reference