Chapter 1 An Introduction to Coordination Chemistry 1 1.1 The History of Coordination Chemistry 1 1.1.1 The Origin of Coordination Chemistry 1 1.1.2 The Modern Coordination Chemistry—Werner Coordination Chemistry 4 1.1.3 Extending Coordination Chemistry—Supramolecular Chemistry 6 1.2 The Key Features of Coordination Complex 9 1.2.1 The Concepts of Coordination Complex 9 1.2.2 Classification of Ligand 11 1.2.3 Coordination Number and Coordination Geometry 13 1.2.4 Coordinative Unsaturation 16 1.2.5 Primary and Secondary Coordination Sphere 16 1.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Complex 17 1.4 Isomerism of Coordination Complex 20 1.4.1 Definition of Isomers 20 1.4.2 Structural (or Constitutional) Isomers 21 1.4.3 Stereoisomers 22 1.4.4 Supramolecular Isomerism 24
Chapter 2 The Symmetry and Bonding of Coordination Complex 26 2.1 Symmetry in Chemistry—Group Theory 26 2.1.1 Symmetry Elements 26 2.1.2 Symmetry Operation 26 2.1.3 Molecular Point Group 27 2.1.4 Character Tables 31 2.2 Valence Bond Theory 31 2.2.1 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 32 2.2.2 Molecular Shapes 35 2.3 Crystal Field Theory 37 2.3.1 CFT for Octahedral Geometry 37 2.3.2 CFT for Tetrahedral Geometry 39 2.3.3 CFT for Square Planar Geometry 39 2.3.4 Factors Influencing the Magnitude of 40 2.3.5 Applications of CFT 40 2.4 Molecular Orbital Theory 42 2.4.1 Molecular Orbital 43 2.4.2 Basic Rules of MO Theory 45 2.5 Intermolecular Interaction 47 2.5.1 Electrostatic Interactions 48 2.5.2 Hydrogen Bonding 49 2.5.3 π-π Stacking 50 2.5.4 Van de Waals Interactions 50
Chapter 3 Spectroscopy of Coordination Complex 52 3.1 Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) 52 3.1.1 Electronic Transitions 52 3.1.2 Absorbing Species Containing π, σ and n Electrons 53 3.1.3 Electronic Absorption Spectrum of Coordination Complex 55 3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy 57 3.2.1 Motion of Molecule 57 3.2.2 IR Spectroscopy of Coordination compound 60 3.2.3 The Raman Effect and Raman Scattering 64 3.2.4 Raman Selection Rules and Intensities 65 3.2.5 Polarization Effects 66 3.3 X-ray Diffraction Analysis 66 3.3.1 Symmetry in Crystals 66 3.3.2 Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction 69 3.3.3 Powder X-ray Diffraction 73 3.4 Photoelectron Spectroscopy 79 3.4.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 80 3.4.2 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) 85 3.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 85 3.5.1 Basic Principle of NMR Spectroscopy 85 3.5.2 The Nuclear Absorption of Radiation in Magnetic Field 87 3.5.3 Chemical Shift 87 3.5.4 Spin-Spin Coupling 88 3.5.5 Some Chemical Shifts in 1H NMR and 13C NMR 89 3.6 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) 89 3.7 Circular Dichroism (CD) 90 3.8 Advanced Imaging Techniques for Nanosize Coordination Complex 93 3.8.1 Electron Microscopies 93 3.8.2 Scanning probe microscopies 98
Chapter 4 The Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Coordination Complex 101 4.1 The Structures of Several Kinds of Coordination Complexes 101 4.1.1 Organometallic Complex 101 4.1.2 Cluster 105 4.1.3 Macrocyclic Complex and Bioinorganic Complex 106 4.1.4 Supramolecular Assemblies Containing Transition Metal Ions(Polynuclear Complex) 111 4.2 Thermodynamic Properties 113 4.2.1 Thermodynamic Stability 113 4.2.2 Stability of Complexes 114 4.2.3 Calculation of Species Concentrations 114 4.3 Molecular Electronic Devices—Redox-active Coordination Complex 115 4.3.1 Concept of Molecular Electronics 115 4.3.2 Molecular Wires 115 4.3.3 Molecular Switching 116 4.4 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Complex 118 4.4.1 Magnetic States of Material 118 4.4.2 Interaction with an External Magnetic Field 119 4.4.3 Diamagnetism 121 4.4.4 Paramagnetism 121 4.4.5 Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 122 4.4.6 Magnetic Behaviour of Variation with Temperature 123 4.5 Photochemical Properties of Coordination Complex 124 4.5.1 Fundamental Properties of a Photochemical Process 124 4.5.2 Artificial Photosynthesis 125
Chapter 5 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Coordination Reactions 128 5.1 Introductory Survey 128 5.2 Reaction Mechanisms of d-block Metal Complex and Mechanisms of Organometallic Reaction 129 5.2.1 Associative and Dissociative Reactions 130 5.2.2 Measurements of Rates 130 5.2.3 Typical Reaction Coordinates 131 5.2.4 Mechanisms of Organometallic Reactions 131 5.2.5 Kinetic Rate Laws for Oxidative Addition Reaction 134 5.2.6 Mechanisms of Oxidative Addition Reaction 135 5.2.7 Migration Reaction (“Migratory Insertions”) 138 5.2.8 Elimination Reactions 141 5.3 Substitution Reactions of Coordination Complex 144 5.3.1 The Three Patterns of the Reaction Mechanisms 145 5.3.2 Substitution of Square Planar Metal Complex 145 5.3.3 Substitution of Octahedral Complex 148 5.3.4 Isomerization Reactions 150 5.4 Electron Transfer Reactions of Coordination Complex 150 5.4.1 Outer Sphere Electron Transfer 150 5.4.2 Inner Sphere Electron Transfer 151 5.5 Homogeneous Catalysis 152 5.5.1 Alkene Hydrogenation 153 5.5.2 Monsanto Acetic Acid Synthesis 155 5.5.3 Hydroformylation Reaction 156