水煙抽吸：健康影響、研究需求和監(jiān)管措施

目錄
WHO煙草制品管制研究小組 1
1. 前言 3
2. 致謝 5
3. 目的 7
4. 背景和歷史 8
4.1 歷史 10
4.2 近況 11
5. 水煙流行性增加和發(fā)展蔓延的因素 12
5.1 調(diào)味煙草（“maassel”）的引入 12
5.2 咖啡館和餐館文化帶來的社會(huì)接受度 13
5.3 大眾傳播和社交媒體的發(fā)展 14
5.4 針對(duì)水煙的政策和法規(guī)的匱乏 17
6. 水煙抽吸的區(qū)域模式和全球模式 19
6.1 非洲地區(qū) 19
6.2 美洲地區(qū) 20
6.3 地中海東部地區(qū) 21
6.4 歐洲地區(qū) 22
6.5 東南亞地區(qū) 23
6.6 西太平洋地區(qū) 24
7. 水煙煙氣有害成分的健康影響 26
7.1 水煙使用者的有害成分?jǐn)z入 28
7.2 使用水煙的急性生理和健康影響 28
7.3 二手水煙煙氣 29
7.4 長期健康影響 30
7.5 水煙致癮性 32
7.6 水煙作為抽吸卷煙的橋梁 36
8. 研究需求 39
9. 科學(xué)依據(jù)和結(jié)論 42
10. 政策 43
11. 監(jiān)管措施建議 45
12. 參考文獻(xiàn) 48
CONTENTS
WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation 67
1. Preface 71
2. Acknowledgements 74
3. Purpose 77
4. Background and history 78
4.1 History 80
4.2 Recent emergence 81
5. Factors that contribute to the increase in prevalence and spread of use 83
5.1 Introduction of avoured tobacco (maassel) 83
5.2 Social acceptability due to the café and restaurant culture 84
5.3 Developments in mass communication and social media 85
5.4 Lack of waterpipe-specic policy and regulations 88
6. Regional and global patterns of waterpipe smoking 90
6.1 African Region 91
6.2 Region of the Americas 92
6.3 Eastern Mediterranean Region 93
6.4 European Region 94
6.5 South-East Asia Region 95
6.6 Western Pacic Region 96
7. Health eects of the toxicant content of waterpipe smoke 98
7.1 Toxicant uptake by waterpipe users 100
7.2 Acute physiological and health eects of waterpipe use 101
7.3 Second-hand waterpipe smoke 102
7.4 Long-term health eects 103
7.5 Addiction to waterpipes 106
7.6 Waterpipes as a bridge to cigarette smoking 111
8. Research needs 115
9. Scientic basis and conclusions 118
10. Policy 120
11. Suggested actions for regulators 123
12. References 126