Contents Preface About the Authors Chapter 1 Data and Statistics 1 Statistics in Practice: Bloomberg Businessweek 2 1.1 Applications in Business and Economics 3 Accounting 3 Finance 4 Marketing 4 Production 4 Economics 4 Information Systems 5 1.2 Data 5 Elements, Variables, and Observations 5 Scales of Measurement 7 Categorical and Quantitative Data 8 Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data 8 1.3 Data Sources 11 Existing Sources 11 Statistical Studies 12 Data Acquisition Errors 14 1.4 Descriptive Statistics 14 1.5 Statistical Inference 16 1.6 Computers and Statistical Analysis 18 1.7 Data Mining 18 1.8 Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice 19 Summary 21 Glossary 21 Supplementary Exercises 22 Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Displays 25 Statistics in Practice: Colgate-Palmolive Company 26 2.1 Summarizing Data for a Categorical Variable 27 Frequency Distribution 27 Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions 28 Bar Charts and Pie Charts 28 2.2 Summarizing Data for a Quantitative Variable 34 Frequency Distribution 34 Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions 35 Dot Plot 36 Histogram 36 Cumulative Distributions 38 Stem-and-Leaf Display 39 2.3 Summarizing Data for Two Variables Using Tables 47 Crosstabulat