三葉蟲概論

目錄
前言
章 一般介紹 1
節(jié) 研究簡史 1
第二節(jié) 生態(tài) 5
第三節(jié) 保存方式、釆集和處理方法 11
第二章 外骨骼的形態(tài) 13
節(jié) 外形、大小和定向 14
一、外形和大小 14
二、定向 14
第二節(jié) 外骨骼構(gòu)造 15
一、背殼部分 15
（一） 頭部 16
（二） 胸部 30
（三） 腹部 32
（四） 尾部 34
二、腹面部分 36
第三章 內(nèi)部解剖 40
節(jié) 外殼的組織 40
第二節(jié) 肌肉系統(tǒng) 41
一、頭部肌肉 43
二、胸部和腹部肌肉 44
第三節(jié) 內(nèi)部器官系統(tǒng) 46
一、消化系統(tǒng) 46
二、血管、神經(jīng)和呼吸系統(tǒng) 47
三、生殖和排泄系統(tǒng) 48
四、其他特性 48
第四章 個體發(fā)育 52
節(jié) 一般特性 52
一、幼年期 53
二、中年期 56
三、成年期 59
第二節(jié) 研究三葉蟲個體發(fā)育的意義和方法 60
一、研究三葉蟲個體發(fā)育的意義 60
二、研究個體發(fā)育方法 61
（一） Eoredlichia intermedia 的個體發(fā)育 62
（二） Shumardia pusilla（Sars）的個體發(fā)育 63
第五章 分類 65
節(jié) 三葉蟲分類沿革簡介 65
第二節(jié) 重要科的代表屬的特征 75
一、球接子目 Order Agnostida Kobayashi, 1935 75
（一） 球接子亞目Suborder Agnostina Salter，1864 75
球接子科Family Agnostidae M'Coy, 1849 75
球接子屬Genus Agnostus Brongniart, 1822 75
盾球接子屬Genus Aspidagnostus Whitehouse, 1936 76
等稱球接子屬Genus Homagnostus Howell, 1935 76
假球接子屬Genus Pseudagnostus Jaekel, 1909 76
棒球接子科Family Clavagnostidae Howell, 1937 77
棒球接子屬Genus Clavagnostus Howell, 1937 77
雙分球接子科Family Diplagnostidae Whitehouse, 1936 78
雙分球接子屬Genus Diplagnostus Jaekel, 1909 78
老球接子科Family Geragnostidae Howell, 1935 78
老球接子屬Genus Geragnostus Howell, 1935 78
皺面球接子屬Genus Corrugatagnostus Kobayashi, 1939 79
矛頭球接子科Family Hastagnostidae Howell, 1937 79
矛頭球接子屬Genus Hastagnostus Howell, 1937 79
雕球接子屬Genus Glyptagnostus Whitehouse, 1936 80
稜球接子屬Genus Goniagnostus Howell, 1935 80
光尾球接子屬Genus Lejopyge Hawle et Corda, 1847 80
花球接子屬Genus Lotagnostus Whitehouse, 1936 81
褶紋球接子屬Genus Ptychagnostus Jaekel, 1909 81
三分球接子屬Genus Triplagnostus Howell, 1935 82
禿球接子科Family Phalacromidae Howell et Corda, 1847 82
禿球接子屬Genus Phalacroma Howell et Corda, 1847 82
胸針形球接子科Family Peronopsidae Westerg？rd, 1936 83
胸針形球接子屬Genus Peronopsis Hawle et Corda, 1847 83
隱球接子屬Genus Hypagnostus Jaekel, 1909 83
（二） 古盤蟲亞目Suborder Eodiscina Kobayashi, 1939 84
古盤蟲科Family Eodiscidae Raymond, 1913 84
古盤蟲屬Genus Eodiscus Haitlt in Walcott, 1884 84
有眼盤蟲屬Genus Opsidiscus Westerg？rd, 1950 85
佩奇蟲科Family Pagetiidae Kobayashi, 1935 85
佩奇蟲屬Genus Pagetia Walcott, 1916 85
新科波爾蟲屬Genus Neocobboldia Rasetti, 1952 86
二、斜視蟲目Order Illaenida Jaanusson, 1959 86
（一） 斜視蟲亞目Suborder Illaenina Jaanusson, 1959 87
斜視蟲超科Superfamily Illaenacea Hawle et Corda, 1847 87
斜視蟲科Family Illaenidae Hawle et Corda, 1847 87
斜視蟲屬Genus Illaenus Dalman, 1827 87
大頭蟲屬Genus Bumastus Murchison, 1839 87
纓盾殼蟲科Family Thysanopeltidae Hawle et Corda, 1847 87
盾形蟲屬Genus Scutellum Pusch, 1833 88
慈利盾形蟲屬Genus Ciliscutellum Lin, 1987 89
桑植盾形蟲屬Genus Sangzhiscutellum Lin, 1987 89
（二） 櫛蟲亞目Suborder Asaphina Salter, 1864 90
櫛蟲超科 Superfamily Asaphacea Burmeister, 1843 90
櫛蟲科Family Asaphidae Burmeister, 1843 91
櫛蟲亞科Subfamily Asaphinae Burmeister, 1843 91
櫛蟲屬Genus Asaphus Brongniart, 1822 91
古等稱蟲屬Genus Eoisotelus Wang, 1938 91
褶尾蟲屬Genus Ptychopyge Angelin, 1854 91
等稱蟲亞科Subfamily Isotelinae Angelin, 1854 93
等稱蟲屬Genus Isotelus Dekay, 1824 93
似等稱蟲屬Genus Isoteloides Raymond, 1910 94
小櫛蟲屬Genus Asaphellus Callaway, 1877 94
女兒蟲亞科Subfamily Niobinae Jaanusson, 1959 95
女兒蟲屬Genus Niobe Angelin, 1854 95
小女兒蟲屬Genus Niobella Reed, 1931 96
龍王盾殼蟲亞科Subfamily Ogygiocaridinae Raymond, 1937 96
龍王盾殼蟲屬Genus Ogygiocaris Angelin, 1854 96
龍王蟲屬Genus Ogygites Tromlin et Lebesconte, 1876 96
緬甸蟲亞屬Subgenus Ogygites (Birmanites) Sheng, 1934 96
亞科未定Subfamily Uncertian 97
卻爾卻克蟲屬Genus Charchaqia Troedsson, 1937 97
大洪山蟲科Family Taihungshaniidae Sun, 1931 97
大洪山蟲屬Genus Taihungshania Sun, 1931 98
峨嵋蟲屬Genus Omeipsis Kobayashi, 1951 98
小桐梓蟲屬Genus Tungtzuella Sheng, 1957 99
寶石蟲科Family Nileidae Angelin, 1854 99
寶石蟲屬Genus Nileus Dalman, 1827 99
裸頭蟲屬Genus Psilocephalina Hsü, 1948 100
粘殼蟲屬Genus Symphysurus Goldfuss, 1843 100
小鏟頭蟲科Family Dikelocephalinidae Kobayashi, 1936 101
小鏟頭蟲屬Genus Dikelocephalina Brogger, 1896 101
櫛殼蟲屬Genus Asaphopsis Mansuy, 1920 101
指紋頭蟲屬Genus Dactylocephalus Hsü, 1948 101
圓尾蟲超科Superfamily Cyclopygacea Raymond, 1925 102
圓尾蟲科Family Cyclopygidae Raymond, 1925 102
圓尾蟲屬Genus Cyclopyge Hawle et Corda, 1847 102
鋸圓尾蟲屬Genus Pricyclopyge Richter et Richter, 1954 103
粘合眼圓尾蟲屬Genus Symphysops Raymond, 1925 103
刺尾蟲超科Superfamily Ceratopygacea Linnarsson, 1869 104
刺尾蟲科Family Ceratopygidae Linnarsson, 1869 104
刺尾蟲屬Genus Ceratopyge Hawle et Corda, 1847 104
原刺尾蟲屬Genus Proceratopyge Wallerius, 1895 104
后油櫛蟲屬Genus Hysterolenus Moberg, 1898 105
三、三瘤蟲目Order Trinucleida Swinnerton, 1915 106
（一） 三瘤蟲亞目Suborder Trinucleina Swinnerton, 1915 106
三瘤蟲科Family Trinucleidae Hawle et Corda, 1847 106
三瘤蟲屬Genus Trinucleus Murchison, 1839 107
寧強三瘤蟲屬Genus Ningkianolithus Lu, 1954 107
漢中三瘤蟲屬Genus Hanchungolithus Lu, 1954 107
南京三瘤蟲屬Genus Nankinolithus Lu, 1954 108
帶針蟲科Family Raphiophoridae Angelin, 1854 109
線形頭蟲屬Genus Ampyx Dalman, 1827 109
矛頭蟲屬Genus Lonchodomas Angelin, 1854 109
球刺蟲屬Genus Bulbaspis Chugaeva, 1958 109
（二） 鐮蟲亞目 Suborder Harpina Whittington, 1959 110
鐮蟲科Family Harpidae Hawle et Corda, 1847 110
鐮蟲屬Genus Harpes Goldfuss, 1839 110
優(yōu)美鐮蟲屬Genus Aristoharpes Whittington, 1950 111
四、萊得利基蟲目Order Redlichiida Richter, 1932 112
（一）萊得利基蟲亞目Suborder Redlichina Richter, 1932 112
萊得利基蟲超科Superfamily Redlichiacea Poulsen, 1927 112
萊得利基蟲科Family Redlichiidae Poulsen, 1927 112
萊得利基蟲亞科Subfamily Redlichiinae Poulsen, 1927 112
萊得利基蟲屬Genus Redlichia Cossmann, 1902 112
小尋甸蟲屬Genus Syndianella Lu, 1961 113
新萊得利基蟲科Family Neoredlichiidae Hupé, 1953 114
新萊得利基蟲屬Genus Neoredlichia Saito, 1936 114
尹氏蟲科Family Yinitidae Hupé, 1953 114
尹氏蟲屬Genus Yinites Lu, 1945 115
?？迪x屬Genus Paokannia Ho et Lee, 1959 115
小萊得利基蟲科Family Redlichinidae Chang et Lin, 1980 116
小萊得利基蟲屬Genus Redlichina Lermontova, 1940 116
小阿貝得蟲科Family Abadiellidae Hupé, 1953 116
小阿貝得蟲亞科Subfamily Abadiellinae Hupé, 1953 117
小阿貝得蟲屬Genus Abadiella Hupé, 1953 117
武定蟲亞科Subfamily Wutingaspiinae Chang, 1966 117
武定蟲屬Genus Wutingaspis Kobayashi, 1944 118
古萊得利基蟲屬Genus Eoredlichia Chang, 1950 118
橢圓頭蟲超科Superfamily Ellipsocephalacea Matthew, 1887 119
橢圓頭蟲科Family Ellipsocephalidae Matthew, 1887 119
橢圓頭蟲屬Genus Ellipsocephalus Zenker, 1833 119
密馬卡蟲屬Genus Micmacca Matthew, 1895 119
古油櫛蟲科Family Palaeolenidae Hupé, 1953 120
古油櫛蟲屬Genus Palaeolenus Mansuy, 1912 120
原油櫛蟲科Family Protolenidae Richter et Richter, 1948 121
原油櫛蟲屬Genus Protolenus Matthew, 1892 121
鮑格朗氏蟲屬Genus Bergeroniellus Lermontova, 1940 121
云南頭蟲科Family Yunnanocephalidae Hupé, 1953 122
云南頭蟲屬Genus Yunnanocephalus Kobayashi, 1936（= Pseudoptychoparia Ting, 1940） 122
奇異蟲超科Superfamily Paradoxidacea Hawle et Corda, 1847 123
奇異蟲科Family Paradoxididae Hawle et Corda, 1847 123
奇異蟲屬Genus Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822 123
木耙蟲屬Genus Xystridura Whitehouse, 1936 123
（二） 小油櫛蟲亞目Suborder Olenellina Walcott, 1890 124
小油櫛蟲科Family Olenellidae Walcott, 1890 125
小油櫛蟲屬Genus Olenellus Hall, 1861 125
卡拉維蟲屬Genus Callavia Matthew, 1897 125
賀爾姆蟲屬Genus Holmia Matthew, 1890 126
（三） 寬背蟲亞目 Suborder Bathynotina Lochman-Balk, 1959 126
寬背蟲科Family Bathynotidae Hupé, 1953 126
寬背蟲屬Genus Bathynotus Hall, 1860 127
寬背形蟲屬Genus Bathynotellus Lermontova, 1940 127
五、褶頰蟲目Order Ptychopariida Swinnerton, 1915 128
（一） 褶頰蟲亞目Suborder Ptychopariina Richter, 1933 128
褶頰蟲超科Superfamily Ptychopariacea Matthew, 1887 128
褶頰蟲科Family Ptychoparidae Matthew, 1887 128
褶頰蟲屬Genus Ptychoparia Hawle et Corda, 1847 128
高臺蟲屬Genus Kaotaia Lu, 1962 129
美麗飾邊蟲屬Genus Euloma Angelin, 1854 129
原波曼蟲屬Genus Probowmania Kobayashi, 1935 130
幕府山蟲屬Genus Mufushania Lin, 1965 130
遇仙寺蟲屬Genus Yuehsienszella Chang, 1957 131
依姆李奇蟲屬Genus Emmrichella Walcott, 1911 131
山東盾殼蟲屬Genus Shantungaspis Chang, 1957 131
鈍錐蟲超科Superfamily Conocoryphacea Angelin, 1854 132
鈍錐蟲科Family Conocoryphidae Angelin, 1854 132
鈍錐蟲屬Genus Conocoryphe Hawle et Corda, 1847 132
畢雷氏蟲屬Genus Bailiella Matthew, 1885 133
舒馬德蟲科Family Shumardiidae Lake, 1907 133
舒馬德蟲屬Genus Shumardia Billings, 1862 134
似舒馬德蟲屬Genus Shumardops Hupé, 1953 134
裂頭蟲超科Superfamily Crepicephalacea Kobayashi, 1935 134
裂頭蟲科Family Crepicephalidae Kobayashi, 1935 135
小裂頭蟲屬Genus Crepicephalina Resser et Endo, 1937 135
群星蟲屬Genus Asteromajia Nan et Chang, 1982 135
八公山蟲屬Genus Bagongshania Lin, 1983 136
賀蘭山蟲科Family Holanshaniidae Chang, 1963 137
賀蘭山蟲屬Genus Holanshania Tu in Lu, 1957 137
棗莊盾殼蟲屬Genus Zaozhuangaspis Lin, 1984 138
油櫛蟲超科Superfamily Olenacea Burmeister, 1843 138
油櫛蟲科Family Olenidae Burmeister, 1843 139
油櫛蟲屬Genus Olenus Dalman, 1827 139
韋氏蟲屬Genus Westergaardites Troedsson, 1937 140
紙草蟲科Family Papyriaspididae Whitehouse, 1939 140
紙草蟲屬Genus Papyriaspis Whitehouse, 1939 140
赫定氏蟲屬Genus Hedinaspis Troedsson, 1951 140
溝肋蟲超科Superfamily Solenopleuracea Angelin, 1854 141
溝肋蟲科Family Solenopleuridae Angelin, 1854 141
溝肋蟲屬Genus Solenopleura Angelin, 1854 141
溝頰蟲屬Genus Solenoparia Kobayashi, 1935 142
野營蟲科Family Agraulidae Raymond, 1913 142
野營蟲屬Genus Agraulos Hawle et Corda, 1847 142
后野營蟲屬Genus Metagraulos Kobayashi, 1935 143
副野營蟲屬Genus Paragraulos Lu, 1941 143
圓勞倫斯蟲屬Genus Cyclolorenzella Kobayashi, 1960 144
李氏蟲科Family Lisaniidae Chang, 1963 144
李氏蟲屬Genus Lisania Walcott, 1911 144
雙刺頭蟲科Family Diceratocephalidae Lu, 1954 145
雙刺頭蟲屬Genus Diceratocephalus Lu, 1954 145
鄂爾多斯蟲科Family Ordosiidae Lu, 1954 146
鄂爾多斯蟲屬Genus Ordosia Lu, 1954 146
太子蟲屬Genus Taitzuia Endo et Resser, 1937 146
無肩蟲超科Superfamily Anomocaracea Poulsen, 1927 147
無肩蟲科Family Anomocaridae Poulsen, 1927 147
無肩蟲屬Genus Anomocare Angelin, 1852 147
原附櫛蟲科Family Proasaphiscidae Chang, 1963 148
原附櫛蟲屬Genus Proasaphiscus Resser et Endo, 1937 148
小東北蟲屬Genus Manchuriella Resser et Endo, 1937 148
附櫛蟲超科Superfamily Asaphisacea Raymond, 1924 149
附櫛蟲科Family Asaphiscidae Raymond, 1924 149
附櫛蟲屬Genus Asaphiscus Meek, 1873 149
小無肩蟲科Family Anomocarellidae Hupé, 1953 150
小無肩蟲屬Genus Anomocarella Walcott, 1905 150
磨盤蟲屬Genus Mapania Resser et Endo, 1937 150
濟南蟲科Family Tsinaniidae Kobayashi, 1933 151
濟南蟲屬Genus Tsinania Walcott, 1914 151
孫氏盾蟲屬Genus Sunaspis Lu, 1953 152
發(fā)冠蟲超科Superfamily Komaspidacea Kobayashi, 1935 152
發(fā)冠蟲科Family Komaspididae Kobayashi, 1935 152
發(fā)冠蟲屬Genus Komaspis Kobayashi, 1935 152
小伊爾文蟲屬Genus Irvingella Ulrich et Resser, 1924 152
愛汶蟲科Family Elviniidae Kobayashi, 1935 153
愛汶蟲屬Genus Elvinia Walcott, 1924 153
泰山蟲屬Genus Taishania Sun, 1935 153
光蓋蟲超科Superfamily Leiostegiacea Bradley, 1925 154
光蓋蟲科Family Leiostegiidae Bradley, 1925 154
古莊氏蟲屬Genus Eochuangia Kobayashi, 1935 154
莊氏蟲屬Genus Chuangia Walcott, 1911 155
德氏蟲超科Superfamily Damesellacea Kobayashi, 1935 155
德氏蟲科Family Damesellidae Kobayashi, 1935 155
德氏蟲屬Genus Damesella Walcott, 1905 156
蝴蝶蟲屬Genus Blackwelderia Walcott, 1906 156
王冠頭蟲屬Genus Stephanocare Monke, 1903 157
蝙蝠蟲屬Genus Neodrepanura Ozdikmen, 2006 157
山東蟲屬Genus Shantungia Walcott, 1905 158
蒿里山蟲科Family Kaolishaniidae Kobayashi, 1935 158
蒿里山蟲屬Genus Kaolishania Sun, 1924 158
滿蘇氏蟲屬Genus Mansuyia Sun, 1924 159
原莊氏蟲屬Genus Prochuangia Kobayashi, 1935 159
褶盾蟲超科Superfamily Ptychaspidacea Raymond, 1924 159
褶盾蟲科Family Ptychaspididae Raymond, 1924 160
褶盾蟲屬Genus Ptychaspis Hall, 1863 160
方頭蟲屬Genus Quadraticephalus Sun, 1924 161
索克氏蟲科Family Saukiidae Ulrich et Resser, 1930 161
索克氏蟲屬Genus Saukia Walcott, 1914 161
泰勒氏蟲屬Genus Tellerina Ulrich et Resser, 1933 161
卡爾文氏蟲屬Genus Calvinella Walcott, 1914 162
漿肋蟲超科Superfamily Remopleuridacea Hawle et Corda, 1847 162
漿肋蟲科Family Remopleurididae Hawle et Corda, 1847 162
漿肋蟲屬Genus Remopleurides Portlock, 1843 163
超科未定Superfamily Uncertian 163
光殼蟲科Family Liostracinidae Raymond, 1937 163
光殼蟲屬Genus Liostracina Monke, 1903 163
長山蟲科Family Changshaniidae Kobayashi, 1935 164
長山蟲屬Genus Changshania Sun, 1924 164
（二） 蚜頭蟲亞目 Suborder Proetina Fortey et Owens, 1975 164
蚜頭蟲科Family Proetidae Salter, 1864 165
蚜頭蟲屬Genus Proetus Steininger, 1831 165
菲利普蟲科Family Phillipsidae Oehlert, 1886 165
菲利普三葉蟲屬Genus Phillipsia Portlock, 1843 165
雙切尾蟲屬Genus Ditomopyge Newell, 1931 166
假菲利普蟲屬Genus Pseudophillipsia Gemmellaro, 1892 166
（三） 隱頭蟲亞目Suborder Calymenina Swinnerton, 1915 167
隱頭蟲科Family Calymenidae Burmeister, 1843 167
隱頭蟲屬Genus Calymene Brongniart, 1822 168
隱頭形蟲屬Genus Calymenesun Kobayashi, 1951 168
瑞德隱頭蟲屬Genus Reedocalymene Kobayashi, 1951 168
島頭蟲屬Genus Neseuretus Hicks, 1872 170
六、聳棒頭蟲目Order Corynexochida Kobayashi, 1935 170
叉尾蟲科Family Dorypygidae Kobayashi, 1935 170
叉尾蟲屬Genus Dorypyge Dames, 1883 171
庫廷蟲屬Genus Kootenia Walcott, 1888 171
掘頭蟲科Family Oryctocephalidae Beecher, 1897 172
掘頭蟲屬Genus Oryctocephalus Walcott, 1886 172
小東京蟲屬Genus Tonkinella Mansuy, 1916 173
節(jié)頭蟲屬Genus Arthricocephalus Bergeron, 1899 173
似手尾蟲科Family Cheiruroididae Chang, 1963 173
似手尾蟲屬Genus Cheiruroides Kobayashi, 1935 174
長眉蟲科Family Dolichometopidae Walcott, 1916 174
雙耳蟲屬Genus Amphoton Lorenz, 1906 174
孫氏蟲屬Genus Sunia Kobayashi, 1942 175
復(fù)州蟲屬Genus Fuchouia Resser et Endo, 1935 175
七、鏡眼蟲目Order Phacopida Salter, 1864 176
（一） 鏡眼蟲亞目Suborder Phacopina Struve, 1959 176
鏡眼蟲超科Superfamily Phacopacea Hawle et Corda, 1847 176
鏡眼蟲科Family Phacopidae Hawle et Corda, 1847 177
鏡眼蟲屬Genus Phacops Emmrich, 1839 177
達爾曼蟲超科Superfamily Dalmanitacea Vogdes, 1890 178
達爾曼蟲科Family Dalmanitidae Vogdes, 1890 178
達爾曼蟲屬Genus Dalmanites Barrande, 1852 178
小達爾曼蟲屬Genus Dalmanitina Reed, 1905 178
宋溪蟲屬Genus Songxites Lin, 1981 178
（二） 手尾蟲亞目Suborder Cheirurina Harrington et Leanza, 1957 180
手尾蟲科Family Cheiruridae Salter, 1864 180
手尾蟲屬Genus Cheirurus Beyrich, 1845 180
慧星蟲科Family Encrinuridae Angelin, 1854 181
慧星蟲屬Genus Encrinurus Emmrich, 1844 181
王冠蟲屬Genus Coronocephalus Grabau, 1924, emend.Wang, 1938 182
八、裂肋蟲目Order Lichida Moore, 1959 182
裂肋蟲科Family Lichidae Hawle et Corda, 1847 182
裂肋蟲屬Genus Lichas Dalman, 1827 182
棘尾蟲屬Genus Acanthopyge Hawle et Corda, 1847 183
九、齒肋蟲目 Order Odontopleurida Whittington, 1959 184
齒肋蟲科Family Odontopleuridae Burmeister, 1843 184
齒肋蟲屬Genus Odontopleura Emmrich, 1839 184
獅頭蟲屬Genus Leonaspis Richter et Richter, 1917 184
第六章 演化趨向 186
節(jié) 三葉蟲外殼構(gòu)造演化趨向 186
一、頭部 187
二、胸部 189
三、腹部 190
四、尾部 190
第二節(jié) 三葉蟲演化過程的主要階段及其特征 191
一、寒武紀(jì)階段 191
二、奧陶紀(jì)階段 194
三、志留紀(jì)—二疊紀(jì)階段 195
參考文獻 198
附錄 本書采用的構(gòu)造術(shù)語對照 204