Foreword…1 Part I East and West Unit 1 Why Contrasting Chinese and Western Cultures?…2 I. Ancient Civilizations and Cultures…2 II. Cross-cultural Comparative Studies in China…4 III. Imperatives to Contrast Chinese and Western Cultures…7 IV. A Note on Some Key Concepts…11 Unit 2 Traditional Characteristics of Chinese and Western Cultures…14 I. “There Are All Kinds of Birds When a Forest Gets Large”…15 II. Traditional Chinese Cultural Characteristics…17 III. Traditional Western Cultural Characteristics…24 Unit 3 Affinities across Cultures…29 I. An Unexpected Affinity…30 II. Reading for More Cultural Affinities…30 III. A Note on Some Key Concepts…38
Part II Cultural Differences in Silent Languages Unit 4 Time…43 I. Time in China and the West…44 II. Two Time Modes…48 III. Past-oriented Societies vs. Future-oriented Societies…54 IV. Two Time Orientations…57 Unit 5 Space…61 I. Spatial Language…62 II. Spatial Language and Culture…65 III. Spatial Language and Life…71 IV. Changes We Cannot Afford…73 Unit 6 Smiles, Nods and Silence…75 I. Smiles…75 II. Nods in the Intercultural Communication…80 III. Silence in the Intercultural Communication…82
Part III Cultural Differences in Thinking Unit 7 Intuitive vs. Logical Thinking…89 I. Definitions of Intuitive and Logical Thinking…89 II. Philosophy and Thinking…90 III. Application of the Two Thinking Modes…94 IV. Impact of Thinking Modes on Writings…98 V. Logic in China and Intuition in the West…100 Unit 8 Dialectical vs. Analytical Reasoning…104 I. Proverb Preferences across Cultures…104 II. Dialectical Reasoning…105 III. Analytical Reasoning…109 IV. More about the Two Reasoning Modes…113 Unit 9 Holistic vs. Atomistic Visions…116 I. A Detention Room Incident…116 II. Prominent Attributes of Holistic and Atomistic Visions…117 III. Vision and Cognition…122 IV. Vision and Language…123 V. Zhengshan Xiaozhong and Lipton Black Tea…128 Unit 10 Categorizing Objects by Relationships vs. by Attributes…131 I. Two Ways to Categorize One Person…132 II. Principles to Categorize Objects…133 III. How to Categorize Objects and Why…135 IV. Impacts of Different Ways of Categorization…137 V. Causal Attribution Differences Out of Different Categorization Ways…140 Unit 11 Non-controllers vs. Controllers…143 I. Too Early to Tell…144 II. Why So Different Stances towards Life…144 III. “Being” and “Doing” Cultures…149 IV. Manifestations of “Being” Culture and “Doing” Culture…153
Part IV Different Cultural Orientations Unit 12 The Introvert-oriented vs. the Extrovert-oriented…160 I. Personality Types…160 II. Personality Types of Cultures…162 III. Effects of Personality Types on Pattern Preferences…166 IV. A Contrast of Cultural Phenomena…171 V. The Trend of the Introvert-oriented Chinese Culture…175 Unit 13 Collectivism vs. Individualism…177 I. An Embarrassing Habit…177 II. Collectivism and Individualism as Cultural Orientations…179 III. Collectivism and Individualism in Cultural Anthropology…183 IV. Collectivist and Individualist Perspectives of “Self”…185 V. Interdependence vs. Independence…189 Unit 14 Femininity vs. Masculinity…193 I. Gender Traits…193 II. Feminine Chinese Culture…195 III. Masculine Western Culture…201 IV. Why So Different?…205 V. The Trend of Cultures and Its Potential Impact…208 Unit 15 Advocacy of Jing vs. Dong…211 I. Introduction to Two Concepts…211 II. Jing Advocacy of China…213 III. Dong Advocacy of the West…221 IV. Differences and Discomforts…225 Unit 16 Implicitness vs. Explicitness…229 I. “Half a Story”…229 II. Implicitness and Explicitness of Language…231 III. Implicit Chinese…234 IV. Explicit Westerners…241 V. High Context vs. Low Context…244 VI. “Chicken and Duck Talk”…247
Part V Different Cultural Standards Unit 17 Peace vs. Conflict…253 I. Great Names and Different Cultural Standards…253 II. External Factors and Cultural Standards…258 III. Cultural Standards and Their Unique Products…260 IV. Better Ways to Know Each Other…265 Unit 18 Egalitarian and Inegalitarian Distribution…268 I. Hate-the-rich Mentality…268 II. Chinese-style Egalitarianism…269 III. Western-style Inegalitarianism…272 IV. Egalitarianism and Inegalitarianism in China and the West…274 Unit 19 Good vs. Evil Human Nature…279 I. Definitions of Key Concepts…280 II. Human Nature and Education…281 III. Theorization of Assumptions about Human Nature…283 IV. Human Nature Theories and the Rule of Ethics vs. Law…288 Unit 20 Rule of Individuals vs. Rule of Law…290 I. An Unexpected Complaint…290 II. Rule of Individuals in Traditional Chinese Thought…291 III. Rule of Law in Western Thought…296 IV. Rule of Law in China…30 Bibliography…305
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