List of tables of numerical data ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A brief history of magnetism 1 1.2 Magnetism and hysteresis 7 1.3 Magnet applications 13 1.4 Magnetism, the felicitous science 19 2 Magnetostatics 24 2.1 The magnetic dipole moment 24 2.2 Magnetic fields 28 2.3 Maxwell's equations 41 2.4 Magnetic field calculations 43 2.5 Magnetostatic energy and forces 50 3 Magnetism of electrons 62 3.1 Orbital and spin moments 63 3.2 Magnetic field effects 74 3.3 Theory of electronic magnetism 87 3.4 Magnetism of electrons in solids 92 4 Magnetism of localized electrons on the atom 97 4.1 The hydrogenic atom and angular momentum 97 4.2 The many-electron atom 100 4.3 Paramagnetism 106 4.4 Ions in solids; crystal-field interactions 114 5 Ferromagnetism and exchange 128 5.1 Mean field theory 129 5.2 Exchange interactions 135 5.3 Band magnetism 144 5.4 Collective excitations 161 5.5 Anisotropy 168 5.6 Ferromagnetic phenomena 174 6 Antiferromagnetism and other magnetic order 195 6.1 Molecular field theory of antiferromagnetism 196 6.2 Ferrimagnets 200 6.3 Frustration 203 6.4 Amorphous magnets 209 6.5 Spin glasses 218 6.6 Magnetic models 221 7 Micromagnetism, domains and hysteresis 231 7.1 Micromagnetic energy 234 7.2 Domain theory 239 7.3 Reversal, pinning and nucleation 244 8 Nanoscale magnetism 264 8.1 Characteristic length scales 265 8.2 Thin films 267 8.3 Thin-film heterostructures 274 8.4 Wires and needles 293 8.5 Small particles 295 8.6 Bulk nanostructures 299 9 Magnetic resonance 305 9.1 Electron paramagnetic resonance 307 9.2 Ferromagnetic resonance 313 9.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance 318 9.4 Other methods 329 10 Experimental methods 333 10.1 Materials growth 333 10.2 Magnetic fields 340 10.3 Atomic-scale magnetism 343 10.4 Domain-scale measurements 353 10.5 Bulk magnetization measurements 360 10.6 Excitations 368 10.7 Numerical methods 370 11 Magnetic materials 374 11.1 Introduction 374 11.2 Iron group metals and alloys 384 11.3 Rare-earth metals and intermetallic compounds 398 11.4 Interstitial compounds 407 11.5 Oxides with ferromagnetic interactions 410 11.6 Oxides with antiferromagnetic interactions 417 11.7 Miscellaneous materials 432 12 Applications of soft magnets 439 12.1 Losses 441 12.2 Soft magnetic materials 448 12.3 Static applications 453 12.4 Low-frequency applications 454 12.5 High-frequency applications 457 13 Applications of hard magnets 464 13.1 Magnetic circuits 466 13.2 Permanent magnet materials 469 13.3 Static applications 473 13.4 Dynamic applications with mechanical recoil 481 13.5 Dynamic applications with active recoil 485 13.6 Magnetic microsystems 491 14 Spin electronics and magnetic recording 494 14.1 Spin-polarized currents 497 14.2 Materials for spin electronics 515 14.3 Magnetic sensors 516 14.4 Magnetic memory 522 14.5 Other topics 525 14.6 Magnetic recording 530 15 Special topics 542 15.1 Magnetic liquids 543 15.2 Magnetoelectrochemistry 547 15.3 Magnetic levitation 549 15.4 Magnetism in biology and medicine 555 15.5 Planetary and cosmic magnetism 565 Appendices 580 Appendix A Notation 580 Appendix B Units and dimensions 590 Appendix C Vector and trigonometric relations 595 Appendix D Demagnetizing factors for ellipsoids of revolution 596 Appendix E Field, magnetization and susceptibility 597 Appendix F Quantum mechanical operators 598 Appendix G Reduced magnetization of ferromagnets 598 Appendix H Crystal field and anisotropy 599 Appendix I Magnetic point groups 600 Formula index 601 Index 604
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