List of Symbols Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 THE SCOPE OF THERMODYNAMICS 1 1.2 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS 2 1.3 MEASURES OF AMOUNT OR SIZE 2 1.4 FORCE 3 1.5 TEMPERATURE 4 1.6 PRESSURE 6 1.7 WORK 8 1.8 ENERGY 9 1.9 HEAT 14 KEY NOTES 15 GLOSSARY AND EXPLANATIONS 17 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 27 PROBLEMS 28 Chapter 2 The First Law and Other Basic Concepts 33 2.1 JOULE’S EXPERIMENTS 33 2.2 INTERNAL ENERGY 33 2.3 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 34 2.4 ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS 35 2.5 THERMODYNAMIC STATE AND STATE FUNCTIONS 37 2.6 EQUILIBRIUM 40 2.7 THE PHASE RULE 41 2.8 THE REVERSIBLE PROCESS 43 2.9 CONSTANT-V AND CONSTANT-P PROCESSES 48 2.10 ENTHALPY 49 2.11 HEAT CAPACITY 51 2.12 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES FOR OPEN SYSTEMS 55 KEY NOTES 65 GLOSSARY AND EXPLANATIONS 68 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 84 PROBLEMS 85 Chapter 3 Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids 93 3.1 PVT BEHAVIOR OF PURE SUBSTANCES 93 3.2 VIRIAL EQUATIONS OF STATE 98 3.3 THE IDEAL GAS 101 3.4 APPLICATION OF THE VIRIAL EQUATIONS 113 3.5 CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE 117 3.6 GENERALIZED CORRELATIONS FOR GASES 126 3.7 GENERALIZED CORRELATIONS FOR LIQUIDS 134 KEY NOTES 136 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 140 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 147 PROBLEMS 149 Chapter 4 Heat Effects 162 4.1 SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECTS 162 4.2 LATENT HEATS OF PURE SUBSTANCES 169 4.3 STANDARD HEAT OF REACTION 171 4.4 STANDARD HEAT OF FORMATION 173 4.5 STANDARD HEAT OF COMBUSTION 176 4.6 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF ΔH 176 4.7 HEAT EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REACTIONS 179 KEY NOTES 187 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 187 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 193 PROBLEMS 194 Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 202 5.1 STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW 202 5.2 HEAT ENGINES 203 5.3 THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALES 206 5.4 ENTROPY 209 5.5 ENTROPY CHANGES OF AN IDEAL GAS 212 5.6 MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW 215 5.7 ENTROPY BALANCE FOR OPEN SYSTEMS 217 5.8 CALCULATION OF IDEAL WORK 222 5.9 LOST WORK 226 5.10 THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 229 KEY NOTES 230 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 231 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 237 PROBLEMS 239 Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids 247 6.1 PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR HOMOGENEOUS PHASES 247 6.2 RESIDUAL PROPERTIES 256 6.3 RESIDUAL PROPERTIES BY EQUATIONS OF STATE 263 6.4 TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS 268 6.5 THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAMS 273 6.6 TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 274 6.7 GENERALIZED PROPERTY CORRELATIONS FOR GASES 278 KEY NOTES 287 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 288 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 293 PROBLEMS 295 Chapter 7 Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes 308 7.1 DUCT FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS 309 7.2 TURBINES (EXPANDERS) 321 7.3 COMPRESSION PROCESSES 327 KEY NOTES 333 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 335 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 340 PROBLEMS 342 Chapter 8 Production of Power from Heat 352 8.1 THE STEAM POWER PLANT 353 8.2 INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES 363 8.3 JET ENGINES，ROCKET ENGINES AND RAMJET ENGINES 371 KEY NOTES 373 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 374 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 377 PROBLEMS 379 Chapter 9 Refrigeration and Liquefaction 384 9.1 THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR 384 9.2 THE VAPOR-COMPRESSION CYCLE 385 9.3 THE CHOICE OF REFRIGERANT 388 9.4 ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION 390 9.5 THE HEAT PUMP 392 9.6 LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES 393 KEY NOTES 398 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 399 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 403 PROBLEMS 404 Chapter 10 Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium: Introduction 409 10.1 THE NATURE OF EQUILIBRIUM 409 10.2 THE PHASE RULE; DUHEM’S THEOREM 410 10.3 VLE: QUALITATIVE BEHAVIOR 412 10.4 SIMPLE MODELS FOR VAPOR/LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM 414 10.5 VLE BY MODIFIED RAOULT’S LAW 423 10.6 VLE FROM K-VALUE CORRELATIONS 428 KEY NOTES 434 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 435 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 442 PROBLEMS 444 Chapter 11 Solution Thermodynamics: Theory 452 11.1 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY RELATION 452 11.2 THE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA 454 11.3 PARTIAL PROPERTIES 455 11.4 THE IDEAL-GAS MIXTURE MODEL 466 11.5 FUGACITY AND FUGACITY COEFFICIENT: PURE SPECIES 469 11.6 FUGACITY AND FUGACITY COEFFICIENT: SPECIES IN SOLUTION 475 11.7 GENERALIZED CORRELATIONS FOR THE FUGACITY COEFFICIENT 481 11.8 THE IDEAL-SOLUTION MODEL 485 11.9 EXCESS PROPERTIES 487 KEY NOTES 493 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 496 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 501 PROBLEMS 502 Chapter 12 Solution Thermodynamics: Applications 512 12.1 LIQUID-PHASE PROPERTIES FROM VLE DATA 512 12.2 MODELS FOR THE EXCESS GIBBS ENERGY 527 12.3 PROPERTY CHANGES OF MIXING 530 12.4 HEAT EFFECTS OF MIXING PROCESSES 536 KEY NOTES 548 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATIONS 549 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 553 PROBLEMS 555 Chapter 13 Chemical-Reaction Equilibria 567 13.1 THE REACTION COORDINATE 568 13.2 APPLICATION OF EQUILIBRIUM CRITERIA TO CHEMICAL REACTIONS 572 13.3 THE STANDARD GIBBS-ENERGY CHANGE AND THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT 573 13.4 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT 575 13.5 EVALUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 579 13.6 RELATION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS TO COMPOSITION 581 13.7 EQUILIBRIUM CONVERSIONS FOR SINGLE REACTIONS 585 13.8 PHASE RULE AND DUHEM’S THEOREM FOR REACTING SYSTEMS 597 13.9 MULTIREACTION EQUILIBRIA 601 KEY NOTES 611 GLOSSARY AND EXPLAINATION 613 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 617 PROBLEMS 619 Appendix A Conversion Factors and Values of the Gas Constant 630 Appendix B Properties of Pure Species 632 Appendix C Heat Capacities ad Property Changes of Formation 636 Appendix D Representative Computer Programs 641 參考文獻 651
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