機床數控技術及應用

1.1  數控技術的基本概念                             1  
1.2  數控機床的組成                             2
1.2.1  機床本體                             2
1.2.2  數控系統(tǒng)                             3
1.2.3  外圍系統(tǒng)                             4  
1.3  數控機床的特點及分類                             4
1.3.1  數控機床的特點                             4
1.3.2  數控機床的分類                             5  
1.4  數控機床的應用范圍                             10  
1.5  數控技術的發(fā)展趨勢                             11  
習題與思考題                             12
第2章  數控機床加工程序的編制                             13  
2.1  數控編程基礎                             13
2.1.1  數控編程的概念                             13
2.1.2  數控編程的內容和步驟                             14
2.1.3  數控編程的方法                             15
2.1.4  數控機床坐標軸和運動方向                             15  
2.2  數控編程的常用指令與格式                             19
2.2.1  程序編制的標準與代碼                             19
2.2.2  數控程序的結構與格式                             20  
2.3  數控加工手工編程                             24
2.3.1  數控加工手工編程的工藝處理                             24
2.3.2  常用數控加工基本指令介紹                             31
2.3.3  程序編制實例                             38  
2.4  數控加工自動編程概述                             45
2.4.1  自動編程方法                             45
2.4.2  自動編程系統(tǒng)的信息處理過程                             46
2.4.3  典型CAD/CAM軟件介紹                             49  
習題與思考題                             51
第3章  計算機數控系統(tǒng)（CNC系統(tǒng)）                             53  
3.1  概述                             53
3.1.1  CNC系統(tǒng)的組成                             53
3.1.2  CNC系統(tǒng)的功能和一般工作過程                             53  
3.2  CNC系統(tǒng)的硬件結構                             58
3.2.1  單CPU結構CNC系統(tǒng)                             58
3.2.2  多CPU結構CNC系統(tǒng)                             60  
3.3  CNC系統(tǒng)的軟件結構                             61
3.3.1  CNC系統(tǒng)控制軟件的結構特點                             62
3.3.2  CNC系統(tǒng)的軟件結構模式                             65  
3.4  CNC系統(tǒng)的輸入/輸出與通信                             71
3.4.1  CNC裝置的輸入/輸出和通信要求                             71
3.4.2  CNC系統(tǒng)常用外部設備及接口                             72  
3.5  開放式CNC系統(tǒng)                             80
3.5.1  CNC系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展                             80
3.5.2  開放式數控系統(tǒng)的結構                             81
3.5.3  開放式CNC系統(tǒng)的主要特點                             82  
3.6  CNC裝置的插補原理                             83
3.6.1  概述                             83
3.6.2  典型插補方法的工作原理及運算                             85  
3.7  CNC系統(tǒng)的刀具補償原理                             96
3.7.1  刀具半徑補償                             97
3.7.2  刀具長度補償                             99  
習題與思考題                             99
第4章  數控機床的伺服系統(tǒng)                             101  
4.1  概述                             101  
4.2  步進電動機及驅動電路                             104
4.2.1  步進電動機的分類和工作原理                             105
4.2.2  步進電動機的主要特性及參數                             108
4.2.3  步進電動機的驅動控制                             110
4.2.4  步進電動機伺服系統(tǒng)的功率驅動                             111  
4.3  直流伺服電動機                             113
4.3.1  直流伺服電動機的結構特點                             113
4.3.2  直流伺服電動機的調速方式                             114  
4.4  交流伺服電動機                             116
4.4.1  交流伺服電動機的結構                             116
4.4.2  交流伺服電動機的工作原理                             116  
4.5  直線伺服電動機傳動                             118
4.5.1  直線伺服電動機的發(fā)展                             118
4.5.2  直線伺服電動機的工作原理                             119
4.5.3  直線伺服電動機的應用及特性                             120  
習題與思考題                             123
第5章  數控機床的位置檢測裝置                             124  
5.1  位置檢測裝置的作用與要求                             124  
5.2  位置檢測裝置的測量方式                             124  
5.3  脈沖編碼器                             125
5.3.1  增量式光電編碼器                             125
5.3.2  絕對式脈沖編碼器                             127
5.3.3  脈沖編碼器在數控機床中的應用                             128  
5.4  光柵                             129
5.4.1  光柵的工作原理                             129
5.4.2  光柵的分類                             131
5.4.3  光柵的主要特點                             132  
5.5  磁柵                             134  
5.6  旋轉變壓器                             135
5.6.1  旋轉變壓器的結構                             135
5.6.2  旋轉變壓器的工作原理                             136
5.6.3  旋轉變壓器的應用                             137  
5.7  感應同步器                             138
5.7.1  感應同步器的結構和特點                             138
5.7.2  感應同步器的工作原理                             139  
習題與思考題                             140
第6章  數控機床的機械結構                             142  
6.1  概述                             142  
6.2  數控機床的主傳動系統(tǒng)                             143
6.2.1  對主傳動系統(tǒng)的要求                             143
6.2.2  主傳動系統(tǒng)的變速方式                             143
6.2.3  齒輪傳動系統(tǒng)的總傳動比及其分配                             148
6.2.4  主軸部件                             150  
6.3  進給傳動機構                             154
6.3.1  對進給傳動系統(tǒng)的要求                             154
6.3.2  聯軸器                             155
6.3.3  消除間隙的齒輪傳動結構                             156
6.3.4  滾珠絲杠螺母副                             158  
6.4  數控機床的自動換刀系統(tǒng)                             170
6.4.1  自動換刀裝置的形式                             170
6.4.2  帶刀庫的自動換刀系統(tǒng)                             174  
6.5  刀具交換裝置                             180  
6.6  數控機床的其它裝置                             183
6.6.1  數控回轉工作臺                             183
6.6.2  分度工作臺                             184
6.6.3  排屑裝置                             187
6.6.4  機床導軌                             189
6.6.5  支承件                             199  
習題與思考題                             206
第7章  數控機床的選用與維護                             207  
7.1  數控機床的選型                             207
7.1.1  被加工工件的確定                             207
7.1.2  機床規(guī)格的選擇                             207
7.1.3  機床精度的選擇                             207
7.1.4  自動換刀裝置和刀庫容量的選擇                             208
7.1.5  數控系統(tǒng)的選擇                             209
7.1.6  加工節(jié)拍與機床臺數估算                             209  
7.2  數控機床的安裝與調試                             209
7.2.1  加工中心的安裝                             210
7.2.2  加工中心的調試                             215
7.2.3  機床的試運行                             218
7.2.4  機床性能檢測                             219
7.2.5  數控功能檢測                             220  
7.3  數控機床的驗收                             221
7.3.1  機床幾何精度檢測                             221
7.3.2  機床定位精度檢測                             221  
7.4  數控機床的維護                             225
7.4.1  數控機床使用中應注意的問題                             225
7.4.2  數控系統(tǒng)的維護                             226
7.4.3  機械部件的維護                             227
7.4.4  數控機床的日常維護保養(yǎng)                             228  
7.5  數控機床的故障診斷與維修                             235
7.5.1  數控機床維修的基本概念與管理                             235
7.5.2  故障診斷的基本概念及分類                             235
7.5.3  數控機床的故障診斷與維修                             236  
習題與思考題                             238
附錄                             239  
附錄1  數控系統(tǒng)常用術語中英文對照                             239  
附錄2  數控機床常用術語中英文對照                             242
參考文獻                             248