拯救我的新GRE寫作（Issue）

目錄
Contents
前言............................................................................................................................ i
使用本書.................................................................................................................. iii
Chapter 1 新GRE Issue介紹及備考建議
2011 Revised GRE Issue Introduction and Preparation 1
新GRE考試簡介GRE Revised General Test Introduction 3
新GRE Issue部分介紹GRE Revised General Test Issue Introduction 5
新GRE Issue評分標準Revised GRE Issue Scoring Guide 9
新GRE Issue復習策略Revised GRE Issue Preparation 11
Chapter 2 新GRE Issue簡明寫作指導
2011 Revised GRE Issue Brief Writing Guide 15
寫作要求分析Specific Instruction Analysis 17
文章結構Essay Organization 23
開頭段落Opening Paragraph 25
正文段落Body Paragraph 29
結尾段落Concluding Paragraph 32
Chapter 3 復雜性和批判性思考
Complex and Critical Thinking Skills 35
Issue題目分析與寫作Analysis of Issue Topic and Writing 37
定義抽象詞Defining Abstract Terms 39
評價絕對用語Evaluating Absolute Terms 41
評價情態(tài)用語Evaluating Modal Terms 45
評價對比關系Evaluating Contrast Themes 51
評價判定標準Evaluating Judging Criteria 53
評價潛在假設Evaluating Unstated Assumption 54
限定討論范圍Narrowing the Topic 56
從題目背景入手Starting from Background Statement 57
舉例子Raising Supporting Examples 59
因果關系Using Cause and Effect 61
讓步展開Making Concession 63
提出批判性問題Raising Critical Questions 65
提出其他意見Discussing Alternatives 66
升華題目觀點Introducing Higher Level Thinking 67
分情況討論Considering Specific Circumstances 69
反擊對立觀點Addressing Opposing Points 71
權衡利弊Weighing Pros and Cons 78
評價邏輯關系Evaluating Reasoning Line 80
推演結果Predicting Possible Consequences 82
正文觀點布局Topic Sentence Layout 83
列提綱Outlining 87
從讀題到寫提綱From Analysis to Outlining 89
Chapter 4 寫作指導：成長，學習，教育
Writing Guide: Growth, Learning, Education 93
選修專業(yè)外的學科Courses Outside One’s Field of Study 95
研究領域與職業(yè)發(fā)展Research Field and Career Development 98
學校與學生職業(yè)發(fā)展Educational Institutions and Career Development 101
出國留學Studying in a Foreign Country 104
IssueTopic 05 國家統(tǒng)一課程Pre-college National Curriculum 107
觀點不同與學習Disagreement and Learning 110
學習與興趣Learning and Interest 112
不容易成功的研究領域Unlikely-to-succeed Fields 115
學習與考試Learning and Test 117
IssueTopic 10 贊揚和忽視Praise and Ignore 120
免費大學教育Free University Education 122
教師的薪金Teachers’ Salaries 124
家長與子女教育Parents and Schooling 126
學習理念、趨勢和概念在先Studying Ideas, Trends and Concepts First 128
IssueTopic 15 學生的思想Students’ Spirit 130
合作和競爭Cooperation or Competition 132
學習與激勵Learning and Motivation 134
發(fā)明與學習Innovations and Learning 136
學習與質(zhì)疑Learning and Questioning 138
IssueTopic 20 天才兒童教育Talented Students Education 140
學術界外的工作Working Outside the Academic World 142
選修課Elective Courses 143
想象力文學Imaginative Literature 145
Chapter 5 寫作指導：科學，技術，生活
Writing Guide: Science, Technology, Life 147
瀕危物種保護Endangered Species Protection 149
IssueTopic 25 知識的局限性Limits of Knowledge 151
政府與科研資助Government and Scientific Funding 154
獨立思考Thinking for Oneself 156
科研與公眾福祉Research and Public Benefits 158
科技與人際交流Technology and Human Interaction 160
IssueTopic 30 科研與實用性Research and Practicality 161
新手與專家Beginners and Experts 164
過去的研究Past Achievements 165
領域外的知識和經(jīng)驗Knowledge and Experience Outside 167
偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)Accidental Discovery 169
IssueTopic 35 政府與科研限制Government and Research Restriction 170
人類智慧和機器智慧Human Intelligence Vs Machine Intelligence 172
科技與生活Technology and Life 173
奢華和方便Luxury and Convenience 175
快節(jié)奏的生活Rapid-paced Life 177
Chapter 6 寫作指導：政治，法律，社會
Writing Guide: Politics, Law, Society
179
IssueTopic 40 國家的偉大Indicator of a Great Nation 181
政府決策Government Decision Making 184
原生態(tài)地區(qū)保護Wilderness Areas Protection 188
領導任期Leader Term Limit 190
政治家與道德Politicians and Morality 193
IssueTopic 45 國家領導者的工作效率National Leaders’ Effectiveness 195
領導與責任Leadership and Responsibility 197
質(zhì)疑權威Questioning Authority 199
法律的靈活性Flexible Laws 200
法律與人Law and Human 202
IssueTopic 50 理性的一致和深奧的理想Reasonable Consensus or Elusive Ideals 204
當務之急和未來問題Immediate or Future Problems 206
向大眾隱瞞信息Withholding Information from the Public 207
社會整體成功Society’s Overall Success 209
不公平的法律Unjust Laws 211
IssueTopic 55 企業(yè)社會責任Corporate Social Responsibility 214
丑聞Scandals 216
Chapter 7 寫作指導：思想，行為，方法
Writing Guide: Thinking, Behavior, Methods 219
想象力Imagination 221
追尋長期目標Pursuing Long-term Goals 223
辯論Arguments 225
IssueTopic 60 人們的行為People’s Behaviors 227
批判性評判Critical Judgment 229
效忠與批判Committed or Critical 230
信仰與妥協(xié)Belief and Compromise 232
最好的主意Best Ideas 234
IssueTopic 65 形式與內(nèi)容Image and Reality 235
人們的態(tài)度People’s Attitudes 237
危險活動Risky Action 239
討論Discussion 241
成功與個人目標Success and Personal Goals 242
IssueTopic 70 事實與置信Facts and Trust 244
不擇手段Any Means 246
Chapter 8 寫作指導：歷史，文化，傳播
Writing Reference: History, Culture, Media 249
歷史與決策History and Decision Making 251
媒體與英雄人物Media and Hero 253
政府與藝術資助Government and Artistic Patronage 256
IssueTopic 75 社會模范Society’s Role Model 258
城市和文化傳統(tǒng)City and Cultural Traditions 260
城市與社會特點Major Cities and Society’s Features 262
個人身份和社會群體Personal Identity and Social Groups 264
年輕人的潮流Trends of the Youth 265
IssueTopic 80 藝術資助與其完整性Artistic Patronage and the Integrity of Art 267
藝術與可理解性Art and Understandability 269
個人偉大的判斷Judgment on Individuals’ Greatness 270
研究歷史的好處Benefits of History Study 272
歷史建筑保護Historical Buildings Protection 274
Chapter 9 寫作參考：成長，學習，教育
Writing Reference: Growth, Learning, Education 277
創(chuàng)造性思維Creative Thinking 281
批判性思維Critical Thinking 282
社會化Socialization 284
情緒發(fā)展Emotional Development 285
Reference 005 決策能力培養(yǎng)Decision-making Skills 287
質(zhì)疑能力培養(yǎng)Skepticism Development 289
獨立思考能力Intellectual Autonomy 291
多維智力Multi-dimensional Intelligence 292
團隊協(xié)作Teamwork 293
Reference 010 自我進步Self-improvement 295
教育的目的The Purposes of Education 296
教育與社會Education and Society 297
教育與社會控制Education and Social Control 299
教育與社會需求Needs-of-society Education 300
Reference 015 教育與學生需求Student-centered Education 303
教育與職業(yè)發(fā)展Education and Career Development 304
教育與收入Education and Benefits 306
教育與父母參與Education and Parent Involvement 307
教育與科技Education and Technology 310
Reference 020 出國留學Studying Abroad 312
大學的作用The Function of a University 314
免費大學教育Free University Education 316
義務教育Compulsory Education 317
居家教育Home-schooling 318
Reference 025 天才兒童教育Talented Learner Education 319
有關教師Teachers 321
教師的薪金Teachers’ Salaries 324
教育無用? Education is Useless? 326
選擇教育的權利Choosing Your Own Education 326
Reference 030 與世隔絕的象牙塔School—Ivory Tower Isolated from the Outside World? 327
道德教育Moral Education 327
公民教育Citizenship Education 329
價值教育Value Education 329
品格教育Character Education 331
Reference 035 藝術教育Art Education 332
想象力文學Imaginative Works 333
學科交叉Interdisciplinarity 334
選修課Elective Course 336
課外活動Extracurricular Activities 337
Reference 040 國家統(tǒng)一課程National Curriculum 338
學習成績評估Assessment of Learning 339
高風險的考試High-stake Test 340
學習與考試Learning and Testing 342
學習的目的Why We Learn 343
Reference 045 學習的過程How Do We Learn 345
學習與建立概念Learning and Conceptualizing 346
學習與理解思想Learning and Understanding Ideas 347
死記硬背Rote Learning 349
學習與討論Learning and Discussion 350
Reference 050 學習與提問Learning and Questioning 351
學習與興趣Learning and Interest 353
共同學習Cooperative Learning 355
學習與競爭Learning and Competition 356
學習與父母幫助Learning and Parents’ Help 358
Reference 055 學習與激勵Learning and Motivation 360
贊揚與批評Praise and Criticism 362
頭腦風暴Brainstorming 366
蘇格拉底問答學習法Socratic Questioning Method 367
改造主義教育Educational Reconstructionism 368
Reference 060 構成主義教育Educational Constructivism 369
進步主義教育Educational Progressivism 369
人本主義教育Humanistic Education 371
要素主義教育Educational Essentialism 372
永恒主義教育Educational Perennialism 372
Chapter 10 寫作參考：科學，技術，生活
Writing Reference: Science, Technology, Life 375
Reference 065 有關科學Science 379
現(xiàn)代科學起源Origins of Modern Science 381
技術進步Technological Advances 383
科學的自由Freedom of Science 385
科技與社會Science, Technology and Society 387
Reference 070 科技烏托邦Techno-utopianism 388
科技與質(zhì)疑Science and Inquiry 389
科技雙刃劍Science and Technology: a Two-edged Weapon 390
科學局限性Science and Its Limits 392
知識局限性Knowledge and Its Limits 394
Reference 075 科學發(fā)現(xiàn)Scientific Discovery 396
科學發(fā)現(xiàn)與運氣Scientific Discovery and Serendipity 398
偶然發(fā)明Accidental Discoveries 399
科學研究Scientific Research 401
科學研究與資助Scientific Research and Funding 403
Reference 080 科學研究與倫理Scientific Research and Ethics 404
科學家與社會責任Scientists and Social Responsibility 406
科學研究與利益矛盾Scientific Research and Conflicting Interests 409
科學研究與公眾利益Scientific Research and Public Benefits 411
科學研究與商業(yè)利益Scientific Research and Business Benefits 413
Reference 085 科學研究與不確定性Scientific Research and Uncertainty 414
21世紀的科學Science for 21st Century 415
科技促進交流Technology and Human Interaction 420
科技讓人疏遠Technology and Human Isolation 421
全球變暖Global Warming 422
Reference 090 石油危機Oil Crisis 423
物種滅絕Species Extinction 424
能源安全Energy Security 426
克隆Clone 427
干細胞研究Stem Cell Research 428
Reference 095 轉(zhuǎn)基因食品Genetically Modified Food 429
低碳生活Low Carbon 430
核武器Nuclear Weapon 431
食品安全Food Security 432
水污染W(wǎng)ater Pollution 432
Reference 100 可持續(xù)發(fā)展Sustainable Development 434
原生態(tài)區(qū)域保護Wilderness Areas Protection 435
保護臭氧層Ozone Layer Protection 438
艾滋病AIDS 438
貧困Global Poverty 439
Reference 105 信息時代Cyber Age 440
網(wǎng)癮Internet Addiction Disorder 442
全球化Globalization 443
現(xiàn)代化與傳統(tǒng)Modernization and Tradition 444
消費Consumption 445
Reference 110 恐怖主義Terrorism 448
人工智能Artificial Intelligence 449
老齡化An Aging Society 450
Chapter 11 寫作參考：政治，法律，社會
Writing Reference: Politics, Law, Society 453
有關政治Politics 455
公民參與Civic Engagement 457
Reference 115 政治決策Political Decision 457
政治信仰Political Belief 459
綠色政治哲學Green Political Philosophy 460
政治與道德Politics and Morality 461
有關政府Government 463
Reference 120 政府透明運作Transparency in Government Operations 465
優(yōu)質(zhì)管理Good Governance 467
政績考核Government Performance Measurement 468
國家實力National Power 470
戰(zhàn)略計劃Strategic Planning 471
Reference 125 危機管理Crisis Management 473
政府預測Government Forecasting 474
有關領導者Leaders 475
廣開言路Leaders and Openness 478
領導與責任Leaders and Responsibility 478
Reference 130 領導任期限制Leader Term Limits 480
有關法律Law 482
法律的作用Functions of Law 483
法律變革Legal Reform 485
法律與服從Law and Obedience 486
Reference 135 不公平的法律Unjust Law 488
不合作主義Civil Disobedience 489
法律與道德Law and Morality 491
權利與權威Power and Authority 492
社會與個體Society and Individuals 495
Reference 140 集體利益Common Good 497
企業(yè)社會責任Corporate Social Responsibility 498
審查制度Censorship 501
丑聞Scandals 503
Chapter 12 寫作參考：思想，行為，方法
Writing Reference: Thinking, Behavior, Methods 507
有關信仰Belief 509
Reference 145 信仰與質(zhì)疑Beliefs and Skepticism 510
質(zhì)疑與生活Skepticism and Life 512
挑戰(zhàn)信仰Challenging Beliefs 513
辯論Argument 514
四種討論方法Four Discussion Methods 516
Reference 150 反對的藝術The Art of Disagreement 518
建設性反對Constructive Disagreement 520
想象力Imagination 521
創(chuàng)造力Creativity 524
創(chuàng)意Best Ideas 526
Reference 155 模仿與創(chuàng)新Imitation and Creation 527
有關態(tài)度Attitude 528
形象與實際Image and Reality 532
風險管理Think Before You Act 534
有關成功Success 535
Reference 160 設定個人目標Setting Personal Goals 538
知識與經(jīng)驗Knowledge and Experience 540
個人主義與集體主義Individualism and Collectivism 542
功利主義Utilitarianism 543
馬基雅維利主義Machiavellism 544
Reference 165 實用主義Pragmatism 546
Chapter 13 寫作參考：歷史，文化，傳播
Writing Reference: History, Culture, Media 549
有關歷史History 551
歷史重要性History and Its Importance 552
歷史建筑保護Historical Buildings Protection 555
大國崛起Great Powers 557
Reference 170 有關文化Culture 559
跨文化交流Intercultural Communication 560
文化身份與全球化Cultural Identity and Globalization 562
有關宗教Religion 564
儀式、典禮與文化Ritual, Ceremony and Culture 565
Reference 175 流行文化Fashions and Fads 566
個人身份Personal Identity 570
時尚與身份Fashion and Identity 571
有關城市City 572
城市與文化展示City and Culture Show 575
Reference 180 有關媒體Mass Media 576
媒體自由The Freedom of Media 579
言論自由The Freedom of Speech 580
媒體與偷窺Media and Voyeurism 581
社會模范Society’s Role Model 582
Reference 185 有關藝術Art 585
藝術精神Art Spirit 586
藝術與完整性Art and Integrity 588
藝術與資助Art and Patronage 589
藝術與評論Art and Criticism 591
Reference 190 藝術與觀眾Art and Audience 593
Chapter 14 人物素材史料庫
Influential People and Their Brief Stories 597
人物People: BCE–1000 599
人物People: 1000–1500 602
人物People: 1500–1600 605
人物People: 1600–1800 607
人物People: 1800–1850 611
人物People: 1850–1900 616
人物People: 1900–Present 622
Chapter 15 附錄
Appendices 627
關鍵詞替換Issue Task Keyword Alternative 629
主要參考文獻及推薦閱讀Principal Sources and Further Reading 637