Introduction Theodor Adorno St Thomas Aquinas Hannah Arendt Aristotle St Augustine of Hippo Avicenna A. J. Ayer Francis Bacon Simone de Beauvoir Walter Benjamin Jeremy Bentham Henri Bergson George Berkeley Franz Brentano Joseph Butler Albert Camus Rudolf Carnap Noam Chomsky Paul Churchland H l ne Cixous R. G. Collingwood Auguste Comte Charles Darwirp Donald Davidson Gilles Deleuze Daniel Dennett Jacques Derrida Ren Descartes John Dewey Wilhelm Dilthey Albert Einstein Desiderius Erasmus Michel Foucault G0ttlob Frege Sigmund Freud Hans-Georg Gadamer Mahatma Gandhi Kurt G c el J rgen Habermas E A. Hayek Georg Hegel Martin Heidegger Thomas Hobbes David Hume Edmund Husserl Luce Irigaray William James Immanuel Kant S aren Ki.erkegaard Saul Kripke Thomas Kuhn Jacclues Lacan Gottfried,Leibniz Emmanuel Lewnas David Lewis John Locke Niccolo Machiavelli Alasdair Maclntyre Karl Marx Maurice Merleau-Ponty John Stuart Mill Michel Eyquem de Montaigne G. E. Moore Thomas Nagel Friedrich Neitzsche Robert Nozick Martha Nussbaum Thomas Paine Blaise Pascal Charles Peirce Plato Plotfnus Karl Popper Hilary Putnam Pythagoras Willard Van Orman Quine Frank Ramsey John Rawls Richard Rortv Jean-Jacques Rousseau Bertrand Russell Gilbert Ryle George Santayana Jean-PauI.Sartre Ferdinand de Saussure F. W. J. Schelling Arthur Schopenhauer John Duns Scotus John Searle Lucius Annaeus Seneca Henry Sidgwick Peter Singer Socrates Baruch Spinoza Charles Taylor Alan Turing Giambattista Vico Simone Weil Alfred North Whitehead Ludwig Wittgenstein 注釋 Chronologicallndex Thematic Guides Notes on Contributors Index