Preface Useful Physical Constants Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Dielectrics and insulators 1.2 The nature of dielectric response 1.3 The purpose and scope of the present treatment References to Chapter 1 Chapter 2 THE PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF DIELECTRIC POLARISATION 2.1 Charges, dipoles and chemical bonds 2.2 Dielectric polarisation 2.3 Polarisation in static electric fields a) Orientational polarisation - freely floating dipoles b) Molecular polarisability - induced dipole moment c) Orders of magnitude of dipole moments and polarisabilities d) Polarisation by hopping charge carriers 2.4 Effect of particle interactions 2.5 Time-dependent dielectric response 2.6 Frequency-domain response 2.7 Permittivity, conductivity and loss 2.8 Kramers-Kronig relations Appendix 2.1 Fourier transform of the convolution integral Appendix 2.2 Computer programs for Kramers-Kronig transformation C--* G and G--* C References to Chapter 2 Chapter 3 PRESENTATION OF DIELECTRIC FUNCTIONS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Admittance, impedance, permittivity 3.3 More complicated equivalent circuits i) Series R-C in parallel with C~ ii) Resistance in series with parallel G--C combination iii) Capacitance in series with parallel G--C combination iv) Two parallel circuits in series v) Distributed R-C line 3.4 Summary of simple circuit responses 3.5 Logarithmic impedance and admittance plots 3.6 The response of a "universal" capacitor 3.7 Representation in the complex permittivity plane 3.8 Representation of the temperature dependence Appendix 3.1 Time domain, rotating vectors and frequency domain Appendix 3.2 Inversion in the complex plane References to Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF IDEALISED PHYSICAL MODELS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The harmonic oscillator 4.3 An inertialess system with a restoring force ii) Schottky barriers and p-n junctions iii) Charge generation~recombination processes iv) Trapping phenomena 4.8 Diffusive transport 4.9 Concluding comments Appendix 4.1 The complex susceptibility of an inertialess system with a restoring force Appendix 4.2 Relaxation of "free" charge References to Chapter 4 Chapter 5 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON THE FREQUENCYR ESPONSE 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Near-Debye responses 5.3 Broadened and asymmetric dipolar loss peaks a) Polymeric materials b) Other dipolar systems c) Dipolar response at cryogenic temperatures d) Characterisation of dielectric loss peaks 5.4 Dielectric behaviour of p-n junctions 5.5 Dielectric response without loss peaks a) Charge carriers in dielectric materials b) Alternating current conductivity of hopping charges c) Fast ionic conductors 5.6 Strong low-frequency dispersion 5.7 Frequency-independent loss 5.8 Superposition of different mechanisms 5.9 Survey of frequency response information References to Chapter 5 Chapter 6 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON THE TIME RESPONSE 6.1 The role of time-domain measurements 6.2 The significance of loss peaks in the time--domain 6.3 The Hamon approximation 6.4 Evidence for inertial effects 6.5 Long-time behaviour in low-loss polymers 6.6 Detection on non-linearities by time--domain measurements 6.7 Contribution of charge carriers to the dielectric response 6.8 Other charge carrier phenomena a) Charge injection and surface potential b) Energy loss arising from the movement of charges c) Dispersive charge flow d) Charge carrier systems with strong dispersion 6.9 Conclusions regarding time--domain evidence a) The presence to two power laws b) The temperature dependence of the universal law c) Limiting forms of response at "zero" and "infinite" times d) The Debye "singularity" e) Time--dom 7.2 Distributions of relaxation times (DRT's) 7.3 Distributions of hopping probabilities 7.4 Correlation function approaches 7.5 Local field theories 7.6 Diffusive boundary conditions 7.7 Interracial phenomena and the Maxwell-Wagner effect 7.8 Transport limitation at the boundaries 7.9 The need for an alternative approach References to Chapter 7 Chapter 8 THE MANY-BODY UNIVERSAL MODEL OF DIELECTRIC RELAXATION 8.1 The conditions for the occurrence of the universal response 8.2 A descriptive approach to many-body interaction a) The screened hopping model b) The role of disorder in the dielectric response c) The correlated states d) "Large" and "small" transitions 8.3 The infra-red divergence model a) The inapplicability of exponential relaxation in time b) Physical concepts in infra-red divergence c) The Dissado-Hill model of "large" and "small" transitions d) The small flip transitions e) Fluctuations or flip-flop transitions f) The complete analytical development of relaxation 8.4 The consequences of the Dissado-Hill theory a) The significance of the loss peak b) The temperature dependence of the loss peak c) Dipole alignment transitions d) The exponents m and n e) The temperature dependence of the "flat" loss f) The narrow range of ac conductivities 8.5 Clustering and strong low-frequency dispersion 8.6 Energy relations in the many-body theory a) Stored energy in the static and transient regimes b) Transfer of energy to the heat bath c) Dielectric and mechanical loss 8.7 The dynamics of trapping and recombination in semiconductors 8.8 Dielectric diagnostics of materials 8.9 Conclusions Appendix 8.1 The infra-red divergence References to Chapter 8 Author Index Subject index
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