軟件測(cè)試基礎(chǔ)教程（英文版·第二版）

1　Introduction　1
2　The Basics of Software Testing　5
2.1　Terms and Motivation　6
2.1.1　Error and Bug Terminology　7
2.1.2　Testing Terms　8
2.1.3　Software Quality　10
2.1.4　Test Effort　12
2.2　The Fundamental Test Process　16
2.2.1　Test Planning and Control　18
2.2.2　Test Analysis and Design　21
2.2.3　Test Implementation and Execution　24
2.2.4　Evaluation of the Test Exit Criteria and Reporting　26
2.2.5　Test Closure Activities　29
2.3　The Psychology of Testing　30
2.4　General Principles of Testing　32
2.5　Summary　33
3　Testing in the Software Lifecycle　35
3.1　The General V-Model　35
3.2　Component Test　38
3.2.1　Explanation of Terms　38
3.2.2　Test Objects　39
3.2.3　Test Environment　39
3.2.4　Test Objectives　42
3.2.5　Test Strategy　44
3.3　Integration Test　46
3.3.1　Explanation of Terms　46
3.3.2　Test Objects　48
3.3.3　Test Environment　48
3.3.4　Test Objectives　49
3.3.5　Integration Strategies　51
3.4　System Test　54
3.4.1　Explanation of Terms　54
3.4.2　Test Object and Test Environment　55
3.4.3　Test Objectives　56
3.4.4　Problems in System Test Practice　56
3.5　Acceptance Test　57
3.5.1　Testing for Acceptance According to the Contract　58
3.5.2　Testing for User Acceptance　59
3.5.3　Operational (Acceptance) Testing　59
3.5.4　Field Testing　60
3.6　Testing New Product Versions　60
3.6.1　Software Maintenance　61
3.6.2　Release Development　63
3.6.3　Testing in Incremental Development　64
3.7　Generic Types of Testing　65
3.7.1　Functional Testing　65
3.7.2　Nonfunctional Testing　67
3.7.3　Testing of Software Structure　69
3.7.4　Testing Related to Changes and Regression Testing　70
3.8　Summary　71
4　Static Testing　73
4.1　Structured Group Examinations　73
4.1.1　Foundations　73
4.1.2　Reviews　74
4.1.3　The General Process　76
4.1.4　Roles and Responsibilities　80
4.1.5　Types of Reviews　82
4.2　Static Analysis　88
4.2.1　The Compiler as Static Analysis Tool　90
4.2.2　Examination of Compliance to Conventions and Standards　90
4.2.3　Data Flow Analysis　91
4.2.4　Control Flow Analysis　92
4.2.5　Determining Metrics　93
4.3　Summary　95
5　Dynamic Analysis-Test Design Techniques　97
5.1　Black Box Testing Techniques　101
5.1.1　Equivalence Class Partitioning　101
5.1.2　Boundary Value Analysis　112
5.1.3　State Transition Testing　119
5.1.4　Cause-Effect Graphing and Decision Table Technique　126
5.1.5　Use Case Testing　130
5.1.6　Further Black Box Techniques　133
5.1.7　General Discussion of the Black Box Technique　133
5.2　White Box Testing Techniques　134
5.2.1　Statement Coverage　135
5.2.2　Branch Coverage　137
5.2.3　Test of Conditions　140
5.2.4　Path Coverage　144
5.2.5　Further White Box Techniques　148
5.2.6　General Discussion of the White Box Technique　148
5.2.7　Instrumentation and Tool Support　149
5.3　Intuitive and Experience Based Test Case Determination　149
5.4　Summary　153
6　Test Management 157
6.1　Test Organization　157
6.1.1　Test Teams　157
6.1.2　Tasks and Qualifications　160
6.2　Test Planning　162
6.2.1　Quality Assurance Plan　162
6.2.2　Test Plan　163
6.2.3　Prioritizing Tests　165
6.2.4　Test Exit Criteria　167
6.3　Cost and Economy Aspects　167
6.3.1　Costs of Defects　167
6.3.2　Costs of Testing　169
6.3.3　Test Effort Estimation　171
6.4　Definition of Test Strategy　172
6.4.1　Preventative vs Reactive Approach　172
6.4.2　Analytical vs Heuristic Approach　173
6.4.3　Testing and Risk　174
6.5　Test Activity Management　176
6.5.1　Test Cycle Planning　176
6.5.2　Test Cycle Monitoring　177
6.5.3　Test Cycle Control　179
6.6　Incident Management　180
6.6.1　Test Log　180
6.6.2　Incident Reporting　180
6.6.3　Incident Classification　183
6.6.4　Incident Status　184
6.7　Requirements to Configuration Management　187
6.8　Relevant Standards　189
6.9　Summary　190
7　Test Tools 193
7.1　Types of Test Tools　193
7.1.1　Tools for Test Management and Control　193
7.1.2　Tools for Test Specification　196
7.1.3　Tools for Static Testing　197
7.1.4　Tools for Dynamic Test　198
7.1.5　Tools for Nonfunctional Tests　203
7.2　Selection and Introduction of Test Tools　204
7.2.1　Cost Effectiveness of Tool Introduction　205
7.2.2　Tool Selection　206
7.2.3　Tool Introduction　208
7.3　Summary　209
Appendix　211
A Test Plan According to IEEE Std.829　213
B Important Information on the Curriculum and on the Certified Tester Exam　219
C Exercises　221
Glossary　225
Literature　257
Index　265