1 Overview of Wireless Communications 1.1 History of Wireless Communications 1.2 Wireless Vision 1.3 Technical Issues 1.4 Current Wireless Systems 1.5 The Wireless Spectrum 1.6 Standards Problems References 2 Path Loss and Shadowing 2.1 Radio Wave Propagation 2.2 Transmit and Receive Signal Models 2.3 Free-space Path Loss 2.4 Ray Tracing 2.5 Empirical Path-Loss Models 2.6 Simplified Path-Loss Model 2.7 Shadow Fading 2.8 Combined Path Loss and Shadowing 2.9 Outage Probability under Path Loss and Shadowing 2.10 Cell Coverage Area Problems References 3 Statistical Multipath Channel Models 3.1 Time-Varying Channel Impulse Response 3.2 Narrowband Fading Models 3.3 Wideband Fading Models 3.4 Discrete-Time Model 3.5 Space-Time Channel Models Problems References 4 Capacity of Wireless Channels 4.1 Capacity in AWGN 4.2 Capacity of Flat Fading Channels 4.3 Capacity of Frequency-Selective Fading Channels Problems References 5 Digital Modulation and Detection 5.1 Signal Space Analysis 5.2 Passband Modulation Principles 5.3 Amplitude and Phase Modulation 5.4 Frequency Modulation 5.5 Pulse Shaping 5.6 Symbol Synchronization and Carrier Phase Recovery Problems References 6 Performance of Digital Modulation over Wireless Channels 6.1 AWGN Channels 6.2 Alternate Q-Function Representation 6.3 Fading 6.4 Doppler Spread 6.5 Intersymbol Interference Problems References 7 Diversity 7.1 Realization of Independent Fading Paths 7.2 Receiver Diversity 7.3 Transmitter Diversity 7.4 Moment Generating Functions in Diversity Analysis Problems References 8 Coding for Wireless Channels 8.1 Overview of Code Design 8.2 Linear Block Codes 8.3 Convolutional Codes 8.4 Concatenated Codes 8.5 Turbo Codes 8.6 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 8.7 Coded Modulation 8.8 Coding with Interleaving for Fading Channels 8.9 Unequal Error Protection Codes 8.10 Joint Source and Channel Coding Problems References 9 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 9.1 Adaptive Transmission System 9.2 Adaptive Techniques 9.3 Variable-Rate Variable-Power MQAM 9.4 General M-ary Modulations 9.5 Adaptive Techniques in Combined Fast and Slow Fading Problems References 10 Multiple Antennas and Space-Time Communications 10.1 Narrowband MIMO Model 10.2 Parallel Decomposition of the MIMO Channel 10.3 MIMO Channel Capacity 10.3.1 Static Channels 10.3.2 Fading Channels 10.4 MIMO Diversity Gain: Beamforming 10.5 Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-offs 10.6 Space-Time Modulation and Coding 10.6.1 ML Detection and Pairwise Error Probability 10.6.2 Rank and Determinant Criteria 10.6.3 Space-Time Trellis and Block Codes 10.6.4 Spatial Multiplexing and BLAST Architectures 10.7 Frequency-Selective MIMO Channels 10.8 Smart Antennas Problems References 11 Equalization 11.1 Equalizer Noise Enhancement 11.2 Equalizer Types 11.3 Folded Spectrum and ISI-Free Transmission 11.4 Linear Equalizers 11.4.1 Zero-Forcing (ZF) Equalizers 11.4.2 Minimum Mean-square Error (MMSE) Equalizers 11.5 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation 11.6 Decision-Feedback Equalization 11.7 Other Equalization Methods 11.8 Adaptive Equalizers: Training and Tracking Problems References 12 Multicarrier Modulation 12.1 Data Transmission Using Multiple Carriers 12.2 Multicarrier Modulation with Overlapping Subchannels 12.3 Mitigation of Subcarrier Fading 12.3.1 Coding with Interleaving over Time and Frequency 12.3.2 Frequency Equalization 12.3.3 Precoding 12.3.4 Adaptive Loading 12.4 Discrete Implementation of Multicarrier Modulation 12.4.1 The DFT and Its Properties 12.4.2 The Cyclic Prefix 12.4.3 0rthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 12.4.4 Matrix Representation of OFDM 12.4.5 Vector Coding 12.5 Challenges in Multicarrier Systems 12.5.1 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 12.5.2 Frequency and Timing Offset 12.6 Case Study: The IEEE 802.11 a Wireless LAN Standard Problems References 13 Spread Spectrum 13.1 Spread-Spectrum Principles 13.2 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 13.2.1 DSSS System Model 13.2.2 Spreading Codes for ISI Rejection: Random,Pseudorandom, and m-Sequences 13.2.3 Synchronization 13.2.4 RAKE Receivers 13.3 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 13.4 Multiuser DSSS Systems 13.4.1 Spreading Codes for Multiuser DSSS 13.4.2 Downlink Channels 13.4.3 Uplink Channels 13.4.4 Multiuser Detection 13.4.5 Multicarrier CDMA 13.5 Multiuser FHSS Systems Problems References 14 Multiuser Systems 14.1 Multiuser Channels: The Uplink and Downlink 14.2 Multiple Access 14.2.1 Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 14.2.2 Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 14.2.3 Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 14.2.4 Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 14.2.5 Hybrid Techniques 14.3 Random Access 14.3.1 Pure ALOHA 14.3.2 Slotted ALOHA 14.3.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 14.3.4 Scheduling 14.4 Power Control 14.5 Downlink (Broadcast) Channel Capacity 14.5.1 Channel Model 14.5.2 Capacity in AWGN 14.5.3 Common Data 14.5.4 Capacity in Fading 14.5.5 Capacity with Multiple Antennas 14.6 Uplink (Multiple Access) Channel Capacity 14.6.1 Capacity in AWGN 14.6.2 Capacity in Fading 14.6.3 Capacity with Multiple Antennas 14.7 Uplink-Downlink Duality 14.8 Multiuser Diversity 14.9 MIMO Multiuser Systems Problems References 15 Cellular Systems and Infrastructure-Based Wireless Networks 15.1 Cellular System Fundamentals 15.2 Channel Reuse 15.3 SIR and User Capacity 15.3.1 0rthogonal Systems (TDMA/FDMA) 15.3.2 Nonorthogonal Systems (CDMA) 15.4 Interference Reduction Techniques 15.5 Dynamic Resource Allocation 15.5.1 Scheduling 15.5.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment 15.5.3 Power Control 15.6 Fundamental Rate Limits 15.6.1 Shannon Capacity of Cellular Systems 15.6.2 Area Spectral Efficiency Problems References 16 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 16.1 Applications 16.1.1 Data Networks 16.1.2 Home Networks 16.1.3 Device Networks 16.1.4 Sensor Networks 16.1.5 Distributed Control Systems 16.2 Design Principles and Challenges 16.3 Protocol Layers 16.3.1 Physical Layer Design 16.3.2 Access Layer Design 16.3.3 Network Layer Design 16.3.4 Transport Layer Design 16.3.5 Application Layer Design 16.4 Cross-Layer Design 16.5 Network Capacity Limits 16.6 Energy-Constrained Networks 16.6.1 Modulation and Coding 16.6.2 MIMO and Cooperative MIMO 16.6.3 Access, Routing, and Sleeping 16.6.4 Cross-Layer Design under Energy Constraints 16.6.5 Capacity per Unit Energy Problems References Appendix A Representation of Bandpass Signals and Channels Appendix B Probability Theory, Random Variables, and Random Processes B.1 Probability Theory B.2 Random Variables B.3 Random Processes B.4 Gaussian Processes Appendix C Matrix Definitions, Operations, and Properties C.1 Matrices and Vectors C.2 Matrix and Vector Operations C.3 Matrix Decompositions Appendix D Summary of Wireless Standards D.1 Cellular Phone Standards D.1.1 First-Generation Analog Systems D.1.2 Second-Generation Digital Systems D.1.3 Evolution of Second-Generation Systems D.1.4 Third-Generation Systems D.2 Wireless Local Area Networks D.3 Wireless Short-Distance Networking Standards Bibliography Index
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