Chapter 1 PROTEINS Section 1 MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS OF PROTEINS 1.1 Proteins Perform a Variety of Dynamic and Structural Functions 1.2 All a- Amino Acids in Proteins Are "L" Steroisomers 1.3 Peptide Bonds and Disulfide Bonds Form the Primary Structure of Proteins Section 2 PROTEIN STRUCTURE 2.1 The Sequence of Amino Acids Is the Primary Structure of a Protein 2.2 Secondary Structure Has Regularly Repetitive Folding Patterns of Polypeptides 2.3 Tertiary Structure Is the Overall Folding Patterns of Polypeptides 2.4 Quaternary Structures Are Defined by the Interactions between Different Subunits Section 3 PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 3.1 The Potential Function of a Protein Is Specified by Its Primary Structure 3.2 Myoglobin Consists of a Single Polypeptide and a Tightly Bound Heme Group 3.3 Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Hemoglobin Have Different Quaternary Structures 3.4 Oxygen Binding to Hemoglobin Is Cooperative 3.5 2, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Is a Negative Allosteric Effector of Oxygen Binding to Hemoglobin Section 4 PROTEIN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PURIFICATION.-. 4.1 Physico-chemical Properties of Proteins Are Related to Their Structure 4.2 Proteins Can Be Separated Based on Their Charge or Their Molecular Weight Section 5 PLASMA PROTEINS 5.1 Plasma Has Diversified Major Proteins 5.2 Plasma Proteins Play Physiologically' Important Roles SUMMARY Chapter 2 NUCLEIC ACIDS Section 1 NUCLEOTIDES AND POLYNUCLEOTIDES 1.1 Nucleotide Is Composed of Base, Pentose, and Phosphoryl Group 1.2 Nucleotides Have Different Derivatives 1.3 Polynucleotide Is Formed When Many Nucleotides Are Linked Together 1.4 The Primary Structure of Polynucleotides Is the Nucleotide Sequence .. Section 2 STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF DNA 2.1 DNA is a Double Helix 2.2 The Native DNA Is Supercoiled and Has a Highly Organized Structure 2.3 DNA Can Be Replicated and Transcribed Section 3 STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF RNA 3.1 Messenger RNA Serves as the Template for Protein Synthesis 3.2 Transfer RNA Is the Amino Acid Carrier for Protein Synthesis 3.3 Ribosomal RNA Assembles a Machinery for Protein Synthesis 3.4 Some Small RNAs Are Non-coding RNAs Section 4 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 4.1 Nucleic Acids Have Strong UV Absorption 4.2 Double-Strandod DNA Can Be Denatured and Renaturod 4.3 Nucleic Acids from Different Resources Can Be Hybridized SUMMARY Chapter 3 ENZYMES Section 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 Enzymes Are Biomolecules with Catalytic Activities 1.2 The Active Site of an Enzyme Is a Region for Catalyzing the Reaction ~ 1.3 Isoenzymes Are in Most Cases Encoded by Different Genes 1.4 Enzymes Are both Potent and Selective 1.5 Many Mechanisms Drive the Enzymatic Catalysis 1.6 Enzymes Are Classified and Named According to Their Reaction Type .. Section 2 ENZYME KINETICS 2.1 Substrate Concentration Affects the Rate of Enzymatic Reactions 2.2 V Can Be Affected by Varying Enzyme Concentrations 2.3 Enzyme Activity Is Temperature-Dependent 2.4 Enzyme Activity Depends on pH 2.5 Enzymes Can Be Inhibited by Specific Substances Section 3 REGULATION OF ENZYMES 3.1 Allosteric Enzymes Can Be Regulated by Altering Their Conformations 3.2 Enzyme Activities Can Be Regulated by Chemical Modification 3.3 Many Enzymes Are Released as Inactive Precursors Section 4 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF ENZYMES 4.1 Deficiency or Abnormality of Enzymes Can Cause Disorders 4.2 Serum Enzymes Are Used for the Diagnosis of Many Diseases 4.3 Enzymes Are Used as Chemical Reagents in Clinical Analyzers SUMMARY Chapter 4 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Section 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 Cells Have Choice among Altemative Substrates, but Glucose Is More Important for Their Needs …… Chapter 5 LIPID METABOLISM Chapter 6 BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION Chapter 7 AMIND ACID METABOLISM Chapter 8 NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Chapter 9 REGULATION AND INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM Chapter 10 DNA BIOSYNTHESIS Chapter 11 RNA BIOSYNTHESIS Chapter 12 PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS (TRANSLATION) Chapter 13 REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Chapter 14 CELLUAR SIGNAL TRANSKU CTION Chapter 15 CELL GROWTH CONTROL AND CANCER Chapter 16 GENOMICS AND MEDICINE Chapter 17 DNA-BASED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Index
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