導(dǎo)讀 Preface Chaspter1 Types and Uses of Language Tests Two Families of Language Tests Norm-Referenced Tests Criterion-Referenced Tests Type of Interpretation Type of Measurement Purpose of the Testing Distributions of Scores Test Structure Matching Tests to Decision Purposes Program-Level Proficiency Decisions Program-Level Placement Decisions Classroom-Level Achievement Decisions Classroom-Level Diagnostic Decisions Why a Single Test Cannot Fulfill All Four Functions Differences in Ranges of Ability Differences in Variety of Content Using Spreadsheet Programs in Language Testing What Is a Spreadsheet Program? How Will You Personally Benefit from Using a Spreadsheet Program in This Book? Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 2 Adopting, Adapting, and Developing Language Tests Theoretical Issues Language Teaching Methodology Issues An Exceptionally Short History of Language Testing Why Knowing about These Movements Is Important The Competence/Performance Issue The Discrete-Point/Integrative Issue Practical Issues The Fairness Issue The Cost Issues Ease of Test Construction Ease of Test Administration Ease of Test Scoring Interactions of Theoretical Issues Adopt, Adapt, or Develop? Adopting Language Tests Adapting Language Tests Developing Language Tests Putting Sound Tests in Place Getting Started with Your Spreadsheet Program Moving Around the Spreadsheet Creating a Sample Spreadsheet Entering Test Score Data to Create a Spreadsheet Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 3 Developing Good Quality Language Test Items What is a Test Item? Guidelines for Item Format Analysis General Guidelines Receptive Response Items Productive Response Items Personal Response Items Why Bother with Item Format Analysis? Review Questions Application Exercises Item Analysis in Language Testing Norm-Referenced Item Analysis Item Facility Analysis Item Discrimination Analysis Calculating Item Facility and Discrimination with Your Spreadsheet NRT Development and Improvement Projects Criterion-Referenced Item Analysis Item Quality Analysis CRT Development and Improvement Projects Role of Item Facility Difference Index The B-Index CRT Item Selection Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 5 Describing Language Test Results Displaying Data Graphic Display of Frequencies Creating Graphs in ExcelTM Scales of Measurement Nominal Scales Ordinal Scales Continuous Scales Descriptive Statistics Central Tendency Mean Mode Median Midpoint Dispersion Range High and Low Standard Deviation Variance The Spreadsheet Approach to Descriptive Statistics Reporting Descriptive Statistics What Should Be Included? How Should Descriptive Test Statistics be Displayed? Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 6 Interpreting Language Test Scores Probability Distributions Normal Distribution CharacteristiCs of Normal Distributions Central Tendency Dispersion Percents/Percentages Learning from Distributions Using Percents/Percentages Percentiles Standardized Scores z Scores T Scores CEEB Scores Computer-based TOEFL Scores Standardized and Percentile Scores The Importance of Standardized Scores Skewed Distributions Skewedness Peaked Distributions NRT and CRT Distributions The Spreadsheet Approach to Standardized Scores Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 7 Correlation in Language Testing Preliminary Definitions Calculating the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Assumptions of the Pearson-Moment Correlation Coefficient Calculating the Pearson Correlation Coefficient with a Spreadsheet Interpreting Correlation Coefficients Statistical Significance Meaningfulness Correlation Matrixes Potential Problems with Correlational Analysis Restriction of Range Skewedness Causality Another Useful Type of Correlational Analysis Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient Calculating the Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient with a Spreadsheet Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 8 Language Test Reliability Sources of Variance Measurement Error Variance Due to Environment Variance Due to Adminstration Procedures Variance Attributable to Examinees Variance Due to Scoring Procedures Variance Attributable to the Test and Test Items Reliability of NRTs Test-Retest Reliability Equivalent-Forms Reliability Internal-Consistency Reliability Split-Half Reliability Cronbach Alpha Kuder-Richardson Formulas Reliability of Rater Judgments Interpreting Reliability Estimates Standard Error of Measurement Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate NRT Reliability Split-Half (Adjusted) and Cronbach Alpha Kuder-Richardson Formulas 20 and 21, and the SEM Factors Affecting the Reliability of NRTs Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 9 Language Test Dependability Threshold Loss Agreement Approaches Agreement Coefficient Kappa Coefficient Estimating Threshold Loss Agreement from a Single Test Administration Squared-Error Loss Agreement Approaches Domain Score Dependability Relationships Cautions Confidence Intervals Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate CRT Reliability Agreement and Kappa Estimates (Using the Subkoviak Method) The Phi(lambda) Coefficient The Phi Coefficient and Confidence Interval Factors Affecting the Consistency of CRTs Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 10 Language Test Validity Traditional Validity Strategies of Both NRTs and CRTs Content Validity Overall Strategy for Establishing Content Validity An Example of the Importance of Item Planning in Regards to Content Validity Content Validity and Other Types of Validity Construct Validity Differential-Groups Studies Intervention Studies Criterion-Related Validity: A Traditional Strategy for NRTs Restrictions of Range and NRT Validity Standard Setting Reliability, Validity, and Standard Setting Standards and Test Consistency Standards and Test Validity Other Issues Related to Validity The Washback Effect Factors Affecting the Impact of Washback Negative Effects of Washback Promoting Positive Washback Testing Bias Review Questions Application Exercises Chapter 11 Language Testing in Reality The Place of Tests in Curriculum Planning The ELI Language Program Four Decision-Making Steps Initial Screening Procedures Placement Procedures Second-Week Diagnostic Procedures Achievement Procedures Testing as an Integrated System Review Questions Application Exercises Review Questions Answer Key Glossary Index References
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