chapter 1 an overview of the essay Ⅰ what is an essay? 1. the basic structure of an essay 2. essays in different types of writing Ⅱ what is a research paper? chapter 2 writing an essay Ⅰ planning and shaping the essay 1. choosing and limiting a topic 2. determining our purpose and audience 3. gathering material 4. formulating a thesis statement 5. organizing and outlining the essay Ⅱ drafting the essay 1. writing the introductory paragraph 2. writing the concluding paragraph 3. gaining unity and coherence 4. developing the essay by different patterns of organization 5. essay checklist Ⅲ revising the essay 1. revising the essay 2. editing the essay 3. dealing with the final draft 4. proofreading chapter 3 writing a research paper Ⅰ learning about the central information system of modern academic library Ⅱ doing prewriting work 1. choosing and limiting a topic 2. doing preliminary reading 3. writing a preliminary bibliography 4. writing a prelimminary outline and thesis 5. reading and taking notes 6. revising the outline and thesis Ⅲ writing the first draft Ⅳ rewriting the paper 1. revising the draft 2. editing and documenting the paper …… chapter 4 making good use of the language Ⅰ strving for clarity Ⅱ striving for accuracy Ⅲ practicing economy Ⅳ gaining appropriateness chapter 5 using punctuation marks correctly Ⅰ end punctuation marks Ⅱ internal punctuation marks Ⅲ enclosing marks Ⅳ punctuationof idividual words and of terms appendixⅠ two-letter abbreviations for us states appendixⅡ proofreaders' marks appendixⅢ correction symbols bibliography
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