Preface Acknowledgments Section One THE CONTEXT OF LANGUAGE TEACHING 1 Language Policy， Curriculum Development， and TESOL Instruction： A Search for Compatibility Elliot L. Judd 2 The Nature of Language Teaching Peter D. Strevens Section Two SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND BILINGUALISM 27 3 Applications of Psycholinguistic Research to the Classroom Stephen D. Krashen 33 4 Teaching ESL： Incorporating a Communicative， Student-Centered Component Barry P. Taylor 45 5 Bilingual Education： Research and Its Implications Merrill Swain 61 Section Three SYLLABUS AND COURSE DESIGN 6 The Threshold Level J.A. van Ek 78 7 Toward a Functional ESL Curriculum in the Elementary School Anna Uhl Chamot 86 English for Specific Purposes： Criteria for Course Design H. G. Widdowson 96 9 How to Arm Your Students： A Consideration of Two Approaches to Providing Materials for ESP M.K. Phillips C. C. Shettlesworth 105 Section Four METHODS AND METHODOLOGY 117 10 Curricular Alternatives for Second-Language Learning Linda M. Crawford-Lange 120 11 Method： Approach， Design and Procedure Jack C. Richards Ted Rodgers 145 Section Five LISTENING 159 12 Listening Comprehension： Approach， Design and Procedure Jack C. Richards 161 13 Authentic Listening Activities Don Porter Jon Roberts 177 Section Six SPEAKING 189 14 Teaching Pronunciation Rod Carruthers 191 15 Developing Successful Conversation Groups Sharron Kay Bassano Mary Ann Christison 201 16 Socio-Drama for Social Interaction Robin C. Scarcella 208 Section Seven READING 215 17 Schema Theory and ESL Reading Pedagogy Patricia L. Carrell Joan C. Eisterhold 218 18 Toward a Realization of Psycholinguistic Principles in the ESL Reading Class Mark A. Clarke Sandra Silberstein 233 19 Teaching the Information Gathering Skills Ronald Mackay 248 Section Eight WRITING 257 20 Approaches to Writing Ronald V. White 259 21 Writing： The Process of Discovering Meaning Vivian Zamel 267 Section Nine GRAMMAR 279 22 Grammatical Explanations in ESL： Teach the Student， Not the Method Miriam R. Eisenstein 282 23 Introducing the Perfect： An Exercise in Pedagogic Grammar Jack C. Richards 293 24 Teaching the Passive Ronald V. White 298 Section Ten VOCABULARY 305 25 On Acquiring an Adequate Second Language Vocabulary Len Fox 307 26 Vocabulary in Context Anna Fisher Kruse 312 27 Word Frequency and the Importance of Context in Vocabulary Learning John G. Honeyfield 318 Section Eleven TEACHER-STUDENT INTERACTION 325 28 The Investigation of Language Classroom Processes Stephen J. Gaies 329 29 Native Speaker/Non-Native Speaker Conversation in the Second Language Classroom Michael H. Long 339 30 Error Correction in Foreign Language Teaching： Recent Theory， Research and Practice James M. Hendrickson 355 Section Twelve TESTING 371 31 Communicative Testing in a Second Language Marjorie Bingham Wesche 373 32 Language Proficiency Interview Testing： An Overview David J. Keitges 395 33 Cloze Testing： An Overview Frances Butler Hinofotis 412 Index 419
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