程序開發(fā)原理：抽象、規(guī)格與面向?qū)ο笤O計

1   Introduction
1.1   Decomposition and Abstraction  
1.2   Abstraction  
1.2.1 Abstraction by Parameterization
1.2.2 Abstraction by Specification
1.2.3 Kinds of Abstractions
1.3   The Remainder of the Book  
Exercises  
2   Understanding Objects in Java
2.1   Program Structure  
2.2   Packages  
2.3   Objects and Variables  
2.3.1 Mutability
2.3.2 Method Call Semantics
2.4   Type Checking  
2.4.1 Type Hierarchy
2.4.2 Conversions and Overloading
2.5   Dispatching  
2.6   Types  
2.6.1 Primitive Object Types
2.6.2 Vectors
2.7   Stream Input/Output  
2.8   Java Applications  
Exercises  
3   Procedural Abstraction
3.1   The Benefits of Abstraction  
3.2   Specifications  
3.3   Specifications of Procedural Abstractions  
3.4   Implementing Procedures  
3.5   Designing Procedural Abstractions  
3.6   Summary  
Exercises  
4   Exceptions
4.1   Specifications  
4.2   The Java Exception Mechanism  
4.2.1 Exception Types
4.2.2 Defining Exception Types
4.2.3 Throwing Exceptions
4.2.4 Handling Exceptions
4.2.5 Coping with Unchecked Exceptions
4.3   Programming with Exceptions  
4.3.1 Reflecting and Masking
4.4   Design Issues  
4.4.1 When to Use Exceptions
4.4.2 Checked versus Unchecked Exceptions
4.5   Defensive Programming  
4.6   Summary  
Exercises
5 Data Abstraction                    
5.1   Specifications for Data Abstractions  
5.1.1 Specification of IntSet
5.1.2 The Poly Abstraction
5.2   Using Data Abstractions  
5.3   Implementing Data Abstractions  
5.3.1 Implementing Data Abstractions in Java
5.3.2 Implementation of IntSet
5.3.3 Implementation of Poly
5.3.4 Records
5.4   Additional Methods  
5.5   Aids to Understanding Implementations  
5.5.1 The Abstraction Function
5.5.2 The Representation Invariant
5.5.3 Implementing the Abstraction Function and Rep Invariant
5.5.4 Discussion
5.6   Properties of Data Abstraction Implementations  
5.6.1 Benevolent Side Effects
5.6.2 Exposing the Rep
5.7   Reasoning about Data Abstractions  
5.7.1 Preserving the Rep Invariant
5.7.2 Reasoning about Operations
5.7.3 Reasoning at the Abstract Level
5.8   Design Issues  
5.8.1 Mutability
5.8.2 Operation Categories
5.8.3 Adequacy
5.9   Locality and Modifiability  
5.10  Summary  
Exercises  
6   Iteration Abstraction              
6.1   Iteration in Java  
6.2   Specifying Iterators  
6.3   Using Iterators  
6.4   Implementing Iterators  
6.5   Rep Invariants and Abstraction Functions for Generators  
6.6   Ordered Lists  
6.7   Design Issues  
6.8   Summary  
Exercises  
7   Type Hierarchy                    
7.1   Assignment and Dispatching  
7.1.1 Assignment
7.1.2 Dispatching
7.2   Defining a Type Hierarchy  
7.3   Defining Hierarchies in Java  
7.4   A Simple Example  
7.5   Exception Types  
7.6   Abstract Classes  
7.7   Interfaces  
7.8   Multiple Implementations  
7.8.1 Lists
7.8.2 Polynomials
7.9   The Meaning of Subtypes  
7.9.1 The Methods Rule
7.9.2 The Properties Rule
7.9.3 Equality
7.10  Discussion of Type Hierarchy  
7.11  Summary  
Exercises  
8   Polymorphic Abstractions                
8.1   Polymorphic Data Abstractions  
8.2   Using Polymorphic Data Abstractions  
8.3   Equality Revisited  
8.4   Additional Methods  
8.5   More Flexibility  
8.6   Polymorphic Procedures  
8.7   Summary  
Exercises  
9   Specifications
9.1   Specifications and Specificand Sets  
9.2   Some Criteria for Specifications  
9.2.1 Restrictiveness
9.2.2 Generality
9.2.3 Clarity
9.3   Why Specifications?  
9.4   Summary  
Exercises  
10   Testing and Debugging
10.1  Testing  
10.1.1 Black-Box Testing
10.1.2 Glass-Box Testing
10.2  Testing Procedures  
10.3  Testing Iterators  
10.4  Testing Data Abstractions  
10.5  Testing Polymorphic Abstractions  
10.6  Testing a Type Hierarchy  
10.7  Unit and Integration Testing  10.8  Tools for Testing  
10.9  Debugging  
10.10 Defensive Programming  
10.11 Summary  
Exercises  
11   Requirements Analysis
11.1  The Software Life Cycle  
11.2  Requirements Analysis Overview  
11.3  The Stock Tracker  
11.4  Summary  
Exercises  
12   Requirements Specifications            
12.1  Data Models  
12.1.1 Subsets
12.1.2 Relations
12.1.3 Textual Information
12.2  Requirements Specifications  
12.3  Requirements Specification for Stock Tracker  
12.3.1 The Data Model
12.3.2 Stock Tracker Specification
12.4  Requirements Specification for a Search Engine  
12.5  Summary  
Exercises  
13 Design                            
13.1  An Overview of the Design Process  
13.2  The Design Notebook  
13.2.1 The Introductory Section
13.2.2 The Abstraction Sections
13.3  The Structure of Interactive Programs  
13.4  Starting the Design  
13.5  Discussion of the Method  
13.6  Continuing the Design  
13.7  The Query Abstraction  
13 8  The WordTable Abstraction  
13.9  Finishing Up  
13.10 Interaction between FP and UI  
13.11 Module Dependency Diagrams versus Data Models  
13.12 Review and Discussion  
13.12.1 Inventing Helpers
13.12.2 Specifying Helpers
13.12.3 Continuing the Design
13.12.4 The Design Notebook
13.13 Top-Down Design  
13.14 Summary  
Exercises  
14   Between Design and Implementation    
14.1  Evaluating a Design  
14.1.1 Correctness and Performance
14.1.2 Structure
14.2  Ordering the Program development Process  
14.3  Summary  
Exercises  
15   Design Patterns                    
15.1  Hiding Object Creation  
15.2  Neat Hacks  
15.2.1 Flyweights
15.2.2 Singletons
15.2.3 The State Pattern
15.3  The Bridge Pattern  
15.4  Procedures Should Be Objects Too  
15.5  Composites  
15.5.1 Traversing the Tree
15.6  The Power of Indirection  
15.7  Publish/Subscribe  
15.7.1 Abstracting Control
15.8  Summary  
Exercises  
Glossary  
Index