PART I Digital Basics 2 Chapter l Analog to Digital 2 Moon Walk 4 1-1 Your Course in Electronics 5 1-2 Analog and Digital Data and Devices 7 1-2-1 Analog Data and Devices 7 1-2-2 Digital Data and Devices 8 1-3 Analog and Digital Signal Conversion 12 Chapter 2 Number Systems and Codes 16 Leibniz's Language Of Logic 18 2-1 The Decimal Number System 19 2-1-1 Positional Weight 19 2-1-2 Reset and Carry 20 2-2 The Binary Number System 21 2-2-1 Positional Weight 22 2-2-2 Reset and Carry 22 2-2-3 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers 24 2-2-4 Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 25 2-3 The Hexadecimal Number System 27 2-3-1 Converting Hexadecimal Numbers to Decimal Numbers 27 2-3-2 Converting Decimal Numbers to Hexadecimal Numbers 29 2-3-3 Converting Between Binary and Hexadecimal 31 2-4 The Octal Number System 32 2-4-1 Converting Octal Numbers to Decimal Numbers 33 2-4-2 Converting Decimal Numbers to Octal Numbers 34 2-4-3 Converting BetWeen Binary and Octal 35 2-5 Binary Codes 37 2-5-1 The Binary Coded Decimal (BDC) Code 37 2-5-2 The Excess-3 Code 38 2-5-3 The Gray Code 39 2-5-4 The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 40 Chapter 3 Loglc Gates 46 Back to the Future 48 3-l Hardware for the Binary Systems 49 3-1-1 Using the Diode to Construct a Logic Gate 50 3-1-2 Using the Transistor to Construct a Logic Gate 52 3-2 Basic Logic Gates 54 3-2-1 The OR Gate 54 3-2-2 The AND Gate 59 3-3 Inverting Logic Gates 65 3-3-1 The NOT Gate 66 3-3-2 The NOR Gate 68 3-3-3 The NAND Gate 71 34 Exclusive Logic Gates 74 3-4-1 The XOR Gate 74 3-4-2 The XNOR Gate 77 3-5 IEEE/ANSI Systems fot Logic Gates 80 Chapter 4 Standard Logic versus Programmable Logic 88 A Problem with Early Mornings 90 4-1 Why Use Programmable Logic Devices? 91 4-l-1 bestructing a Circuit Using Standard Logic Devices 91 4-1-2 Constructing a Circuit Using Progranunable Logic Devices 93 4-2 Types of Programmable Logic Devices 95 4-2-1 Early Programmable Logic Devices 95 4-2-2 Today's Programmable Logic Devices 96 4-3 Programming a PLD 98 4-4 PLD Software "Quick Start" 98 Chapter 5 DigitaI IC Types 118 A Noyce Invention 120 5-1 The Bipolor Famly of Digital Integrated Circuits 122 5-1-1 Standard TTL Logic Gate Circuits 123
5-1-2 Low-Power and High-Speed TTL Logic Gates 131 5-1-3 Schottky TTL Logic Gates I31 5-1-4 Open-Collector TTL Gates 134 5-1-5 Three-State (Tri-State) Output TTL Gates 135 5-1-6 Buffer/Driver TTL Gates 137 5-1-7 Schmitt-Trigger TTL Gates 138 5-1-8 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Gate Circuits 141 5-1-9 Integrated-Injection Logic (I2L) Gate Circuits 144 5-2 The MOS Family of Digital Integrated Circuits 146 5-2-1 PMOS (P-Channel MOS) Logic Circuits 147 5-2-2 NMOS (N-Channel MOS) Logic Circuits 148 5-2-3 CMOS (Complementary MOS) Logic Circuits 148 5-2-4 MOSFET Handling Precautions 153 5-3 DigitaI IC Package Types and Complexity Classification 154 5-3-1 Early Digital IC Package Types 154 5-3-2 Present-Day Digital IC Package Types I56 5-3-3 Digital IC Circuit Complexity Classification I56 5-4 Comparing and Interfacing Bipolar and MOS Logic Pamilies 157 5-4-1 The Bipolar Family 157 5-4-2 The MOS Family 158 5-4-3 Interfacing Logic Families 159 5-4-4 Other Logic Gate Families 162 Chapter 6 Doubleshooting Logic Gates 172 Space the Final Frontier 174 6-1 Digital Test Equipment 176 6-1-1 Testing with the Multimeter 176 6-1-2 Testing with the Oscilloscope 176 6-1-3 Testing with the Logic Clip I8I 6-1-4 Tosting with the Logic Probe 182 6-1-5 Testing with the Logic Pulser 184 6-1-6 Testing with the Current Tracer 185 6-2 Digital Circuit Problems 187 6-2-1 Digital IC Problems 188 6-2-2 Other Digital Circuit Device Problems 192 6-3 Circuit Repair 196 6-4 PLD Software Simulation 197 Chapter 7 Logic Circuit Simplification 2O8 From Folly to Foresight 210 7-1 Boolean Expressions for Logic Gates 211 7-l-1 The NOT Expression 21I 7-1-2 The OR Expression 212 7-l-3 The AND Expression 213 7-l-4 The NOR Expression 216 7-1-5 The NAND Expression 218 7-1-6 The XOR Expression 219 7-1-7 The XNOR Expression 220 7-2 Boolean Algebra Lawe and Rules 222 7-2-1 The Commutative Law 222 7-2-2 The Associative Law 223 7-2-3 The Distributite Law zz4 7-2-4 Boolean Algebra Ruls 22S 7-3 From Ttuth Table to Gate Circuit 230 7-4 Gate Circuit Simplification 234 74-1 Boolean Algebta SimpIification 234 7-4-2 Karnaugh Map Shaplification 236 PART II Digital Circuits 248, Chapter 8 Decoders and Encoders 248 Working with Wang 250 8-1 Decoders 251 8-1-1 Basic Decoder Circuits 251 8-1-2 Decimal Decoders 256 8-l-3 Hexadecimal Decoders 264 8-1-4 Display Decoders 270 8-2 Encoders 281 8-2-1 Basic Encoder Circuits 281 8-2-2 Decimal-to-BCD Encoders 286 8-3 Troubleshooting Decoders and Encoders 292 8-3-1 An Encoder and Deboder Circuit 292 8-3-2 Sample Problems 298 Chapter 9 Other Combinational Logic Circuits 306 Keeping it BASIC 30s 9-1 Multiplexers 309 9-1-1 One-of-Eight Data Multiplexer/Selector 312 9-1-2 Four-of-Eight Data Multiplexer/Selector 324 9-2 Demultiplexers 330 9-2-1 A One-Line to Eight-Line Demultiplexer 333 9-2-2 A One-Line to Sixteen-Line Demultiplexer 335 9-2-3 A Three-Line to Eight-Line Decoder/ Demultiplexer 339 9-3 Comparators 349 9-3-l A 4-Bit Binary Comparator 349 9-3-2 A 4-Bit Magnitude Comparator 352 9-4 Parity Generators and Checkers 357 9-4-1 Even or Odd Parity 358 9-4-2 A 9-Bit Parity Generator/Checker 361
l4-3-2 An Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) IC 722 l4-4 TroubIeshooting Arithmetic Circuits 728 14-4-1 An Arithmetic Circuit 728 14-4-2 Sample Problems 730 Chapter l5 Sendconductor Memories 736 The Turing Enigma 738 15-1 Semiconductor Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 739 l5-1-1 A Basic Diode ROM 739 l5-1-2 A Diode ROM with Internal Decoding 741 15-1-3 Semiconductor ROM Characteristics 741 15-1-4 ROM Types 750 l5-l-5 ROM Applications 757 15-1-6 ROM Testing 759 l5-2 Semiconductor Read/Write Memories (RWMs) 761 15-2-l SAMs Versus RAMs 761 l5-2-2 RAM Types 763 15-2-3 RAM Applications 776 l5-2-4 RAM Testing 781 l5-3 Troubleshooting Memory Circuits 784 l5-3-1 A Memory Circuit 784 l5-3-2 Sample Problems 788 Chapter l6 Analog and Digita1 Signa1 Converters 799 The First Pocket Calculator 800 16-1 Analog and Digital Signa1 Conversion 801 16-1-l Connecting Analog and DigitaI Devices to a Computer 803 16-1-2 Converting Information Signals 803 16-2 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) 805 16-2-1 Binary-Weighted Resistor DAC 805 16-2-2 R/2R Ladder DAC 808 l6-2-3 DAC Characteristics 812 16-2-4 A DAC Data Sheet and Application Circuit 816 l6-2-5 Testing DACs 8I9 16-3 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) 819 l6-3-1 Staircase ADC 819 16-3-2 Successive Approximation ADC 821 l6-3-3 Flash ADC 823 16-3-4 An ADC Data Sheet and Application Circuit 825 l6-3-5 Testing ADCs 827 l6-4 Troubleshooting Data Converter Circuits 829 16-4-1 A Data Converter Circuit 829 16-4-2 Sample Problems 831 PART II Digital Systems 838 Chapter l7 Introduction to Microprocessors 838 Making an Impact 840 17-l Microcomputer Basics 841 17-1-1 Hardware 841 17-1-2 Software 844 l7-2 A Microcomputer System 851 17-2-1 Theory of Operation 851 l7-2-2 Troubleshooting Microprocessor Systems 875 SAM (Simplified All-purpose Microcomputer) Schematic Diagram 889 Appendixes A Xilinx HDL Alternative and FPGA Tutorial 893 B Altera HDL Alternative 930 C Answers to Self-Test Review Questions 979 D Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 985 Index 991