Preface
1 Introduction to Digital Data Transmission
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Components of a Digital Communication System
1.2.1 General Considerations
1.2.2 Subsystems in a Typical Communication System
1.2.3 Capacity of a Communications Link
1.3 Communications Channel Modeling
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Specific Examples of Communication Channels
1.3.2.1 Propagation Channels
1.3.2.2 Land Line
1.3.2.3 Compact Disc (CD) Channels
1.3.3 Approaches to Communication Channel Modeling
1.3.3.1 Discrete Channel Approach
1.3.3.2 Waveform Description
of Communication Channels
1.3.4 Interference and Distortion in Communication
Channels
1.3.5 External Channel Propagation Considerations
1.4 Communication Link Power Calculations
1.4.1 Decibels in Communication System
Performance Calculations
1.4.2 Calculation of Power Levels in Communication
Systems; Link Budgets
1.5 Driving Forces in Communications
1.6 Computer Use in Communication System Analysis and Design
1.7 Preview of the Book
References
Problems
2 Signals, Systems, Modulation, and Noise: Overview
2.1 Review of Signal and Linear System Theory
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Classification of Signals
2.1.3 Fundamental Properties of Systems
2.1.4 Complex Exponentials as Eigenfunctions
for a Fixed, Linear System; Frequency
Response Function
2.1.5 Orthogonal Function Series
2.1.6 Complex Exponential Fourier Series
2.1.7 The Fourier Transform
2.1.8 Signal Spectra
2.1.9 Energy Relationships
2.1.10 System Analysis
2.2 Basic Analog Modulation Techniques
2.2.1 Double-Sideband Modulation
2.2.2 The Hilbert Transform; Single-Sideband Modulation
2.2.3 Angle Modulation
2.3 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Signals
and Systems
2.3.1 Bandpass Signals
2.3.2 Bandpass Systems
2.4 Signal Distortion and Filtering
2.4.1 Distortionless Transmission and Ideal Filters
2.4.2 Group and Phase Delay
2.4.3 Nonlinear Systems and Nonlinear Distortion
2.5 Practical Filter Types and Characteristics
2.5.1 General Terminology
2.5.2 Butterworth Filters (Maximally Flat)
2.5.3 Chebyshev Filters (Equal Ripple)
2.5.4 Bessel (Maximally Flat Delay) Filters
2.6 Sampling Theory
2.6.1 The Lowpass Sampling Theorem
2.6.2 Nonideal Effects in Sampling
2.6.3 Sampling of Bandpass Signals
2.6.4 Oversampling and Downsamplingto Ease
Filter Requirements
2.6.5 Pulse Code Modulation
2.6.6 Differential Pulse Code Modulation
2.7 Random Processes
2.7.1 Mathematical Description of Random Processes
2.7.2 Input-Output Relationships for Fixed Linear Systems
with Random Inputs; Power Spectral Density
2.7.2.1 Partial Descriptions
2.7.2.2 Output Statistics of Linear Systems
2.7.2.3 The Central and Noncentral Chi-Square
Distributions
2.7.3 Examples of Random Processes
2.7.4 Narrowband Noise Representation
2.7.5 Distributions of Envelopes of Narrowband
Gaussian Processes
2.8 Computer Generation of Random Variables
2,8.1 Introduction
2.8.2 Generation of Random Variables Having
a Specific Distribution
2.8.3 Spectrum of a Simulated White Noise Process
2.8.4 Generation of Pseudo-Noise Sequences
2.9 Summary
References
Problems
3 Basic Digital Communication Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Binary Digital Communications Problem
3.2.1 Binary Signal Detection in AWGN
3.2.2 The Matched Filter
3.2.3 Application of the Matched Filter to Binary
Data Detection
3.2.3.1 General Formula for PE
3.2.3.2 Antipodal Baseband Signaling
3.2.3.3 Baseband Orthogonal Signaling
3.2.3.4 Baseband On-Off Signaling
3.2.4 Correlator Realization of Matched Filter Receivers
3.3 Signaling Through Bandlimited Channels
3.3.1 System Model
3.3.2 Designing for Zero ISI: Nyquist's Pulse-Shaping
Criterion
3.3.3 Optimum Transmit and Receive Filters
3.3.4 Shaped Transmit Signal Spectra
3.3.5 Duobinary Signaling
3.4 Equalization in Digital Data Transmission
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Zero-Forcing Equalizers
3.4.3 Minimum Mean-Square Error Equalization
3.4.4 Adaptive Weight Adjustment
3.4.5 Other Equalizer
3.4.8 Equalizer Performance
3.5 A Digital Communication System Simulation, Example
3.6 Noise Effects in Pulse Code Modulation
3.7 Summary
References
Problems
4 Signal-Space Methods in Digital Data Transmission
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Optimum Receiver Principals in Terms of Vector Spaces
4.2.1 Maximum a Posteriori Detectors
4.2.2 Vector Representation of Signals
4.2.2.1 K-Dimensional Signal Space
Representation of the Received Waveform
4.2.2.2 Scalar Product
4.2.2.3 Gram-Schmidt Procedure
4.2.2.4 Schwarz's Inequality
4.2.2.5 Parseval's Theorem
4.2.3 MAP Detectors in Terms of Signal Spaces
4.2.4 Performance Calculations for MAP Receivers
4.3 Performance Analysis of Coherent Digital Signaling Schemes
4.3.1 Coherent Binary Systems
4.3.2 Coherent Mary Orthogonal Signal Schemes
4.3.3 M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
4.3.4 Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation
4.4 Signaling Schemes Not Requiring Coherent References
at the Receiver
4.4.1 Noncoherent Frequency-Shift Keying (NFSK)
4.4.2 Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)
4.5 Comparison of Digital Modulation Systems
4.5.1 Bit Error Probabilities from Symbol
Error Probabilities
4.5.2 Bandwidth Efficiencies of Mary Digital
Communication Systems
4.6 Comparison of M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes
on Power and Bandwidth-Equivalent Bases
4.6.1 Coherent Digital Modulation Schemes
4.6.2 Noncoherent Digital Modulation Schemes
4.7 Some Commonly Used Modulation Schemes
4.7.1 Quadrature-Multiplexed Signaling Schemes
4.7.1.1 Quadrature Multiplexing
4.7.1.2 Quadrature and Offset-Quadrature
Phase-Shift Keying
4.7.3.1 Minimum-Shift Keying
4.7.1.4 Performance of Digital Quadrature
Modulation Systems
4.7.2 Gausslan MSK
4.7.3 /4-Differential QPSK
4.7.4 Power Spectra for Quadrature Modulation Schemes
4.8 Design Examples and System Tradeoffs
4.9 Multi-h Continuous Phase Modulation
4.9.1 Description of the Multi-h CPM Signal Format
4.9.2 Calculation of Power Spectra for Multi-h CPM Signals
4.9.3 Synchronization Considerations for Multi-h
CPM Signals
4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2 The Idea behind OFDM
4.10.3 Mathematical Description of DFT-Implemented
OFDM
4.10.4 Effect of Fading on OFDM Detection
4.10.5 Parameter Choices and Implementation Issues
in OFDM
4.10.5.1 OFDM Symbol Rate for Combating
Delay Spread
4.10.5.2 Realizing Diversity in OFDM
4,10.5.3 Implementation Issues
4.10.6 Simulation of OFDM Waveforms
4.11 Summary
References
Problems
5 Channel Degradations in Digital Communications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synchronization in Communication Systems
5.2.1 Carrier Synchronization
5.2.2 Symbol Synchronization
5.2.3 Frame Synchronization
5.3 The Effects of Slow Signal Fading in Communication Systems
5.3.1 Performance of Binary Modulation Schemes
in Rayleigh Fading Channels
5.3.1.1 Introduction
5.3.1.2 Bit Error Probability Performance
in Slow Rayleigh Fading
5.3.1.3 The Use of Path Diversity to Improve
Performance in Fading
5.3.1.4 DPSK Performance in Moderately
5.3.2 Performance of M-ary Modulation Schemes
in Slow Fading
5.3.2.1 Introduction
5.3.2.2 M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance
in Slow Rayleigh Fading
5.3.2.3 M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance
in Slow Ricean Fading
5.3.2.4 M-ary QAM Performance in Slow
Rayleigh Fading
5.3.2.5 M-ary Noncoherent FSK Performance
in Slow Ricean Fading
5.3.3 M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance in Slow Fading
with Diversity
5.3.3.1 Rayleigh Fading
5.3.3.2 Ricean Fading
5.4 Diagnostic Tools for Communication System Design
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Eye Diagrams
5.4.3 Envelope Functions for Digital Modulation Methods
5.4.4 Phasor Plots for Digital Modulation Systems
5.5 Summary
References
Problems
6 Fundamentals of Information Theory and Block Coding
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Concepts of Information Theory
6.2.1 Source Coding
6.2.2 LempeI-Ziv Procedures
6.2.3 Channel Coding and Capacity
6.2.3.1 General Considerations
6.2.3.2 Shannon's Capacity Formula
6.2.3.3 Capacityof Discrete Memoryless Channels
6.2.3.4 Computational Cutoff Rate
6.3 Fundamentals of Block Coding
6.3.1 Basic Concepts
6.3.3.1 Definition of a Block Code
6.3.3.2 Hamming Distance and Hamming Weight
6.3.3.3 Error Vectors
6.3.3.4 Optimum Decoding Rule
6.3.3.5 Decoding Regions and Error Probability
6.3.3.6 Coding Gain
6.3.3.7 Summary
6.3.2 Linear Codes
6.3.2.1 Modulo-2 Vector Arithmetic
6.3.2.2 Binary Linear Vector Spaces
6.3.2.3 Linear Block Codes
6.3.2.4 Systematic Linear Block Codes
6.3.2.5 Distance Properties of Linear Block Codes
6.3.2.6 Decoding Using the Standard Array
6.3.2.7 Error Probabilities for Linear Codes
6.3.3 Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.1 Definition of Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.2 Polynomial Arithmetic
6.3.3.3 Properties of Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.4 Encoding of Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.5 Decoding of Cyclic Codes
6.3.4 Hamming Codes
6.3.4.1 Definition of Hamming Codes
6.3.4.2 Encoding of Hamming Codes
6.3.4.3 Decoding of Hamming Codes
6.3.4.4 Performance of Hamming Cods
6.3.5 BCH Codes
6.3.5.1 Definition and Encoding for BCH Codes
6.3.5.2 Decoding of BCH Codes
6.3.5.3 Performance of BCH Codes
6.3.6 Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.6.1 Definition of Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.6.2 Decoding the Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.6.3 Performance of the Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.7 The Golay Code
6.3.7.1 Definition of the Golay Code
6.3.7.2 Decoding the Golay Code
6.3.7.3 Performance of the Golay Code
6.4 Coding Performance in Slow Fading Channels
6.5 Summary
References
Problems
Fundamentals of Convolutional Coding
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Concepts
7.2.1 Definition of Convolutional Codes
7.2.2 Decoding Convolutional Codes
7.2.3 Potential Coding Gains for Soft Decisions
7.2.4 Distance Properties of Convolutional Codes
7.3 The Viterbi Algorithm
7.3.1 Hard Decision Decoding
7.3.2 Soft Decision Decoding
7.3.3 Decoding Error Probability
7.3.4 Bit Error Probability
7.4 Good Convolutional Codes and Their Performance
7.5 Other Topics
7.5.1 Sequential Decoding
7.5.2 Theshold Decoding
7.5.3 Concatenated Reed-Solomon/Convolutional Coding
7.5.4 Punctured Convolutional Codes
7.5.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation
7.5.6 Turbo Codes
7.5.7 Applications
7.6 Summary
References
Problems
8 Fundamentals of Repeat Request Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 General Considerations
8.3 Three ARQ Strategies
8.3.1 Stop-and-Wait ARQ
8.3.1.1 General Description
8.3.1.2 Throughput Calculation
8.3.2 Go-Back-N ARQ
8.3.2.1 General Description
8.3.2.2 Throughput Calculation
8.3.3 Selective Repeat ARQ
8.3.3.1 General Description
8.3,3.2 Throughput Calculation
8.4 Codes for Error Detection
8.4.1 General Considerations
8.4.2 Hamming Codes
8.4.3 BCH Codes
8.4.4 Golay Codes
8.5 Summary
References
Problems
9 Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.1 introduction
9.2 Two Communication Problems
9.2.1 Pulse-Noise Jamming
9.2.2 Low Probability of Detection
9.3 Types of Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.3.1 BPSK Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
9.3.2 QPSK Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
9.3.3 Noncoherent Slow-Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum
9.3.4 Noncoherent Fast-Frequency-Hop Spread
Spectrum
9.3.5 Hybrid Direct-Sequence/Frequency-Hop
Spread Spectrum
9.4 Complex-Envelope Representation of Spread-Spectrum
Systems
9.5 Generation and Properties of Pseudorandom Sequences
9.5.1 Definitions and Mathematical Background
9.5.2 m-Sequence Generator Configurations
9.5.3 Properties of m-Sequences
9.5.4 Power Spectrum of m-Sequences
9.5.5 Tables of Polynomials Yielding m-Sequences
9.5.6 Security of m-Sequences
9.5.7 Gold Codes
9.5.8 Kasami Sequences (Small Set)
9.5.9 Quaternary (Four-Phase) Sequences
9.5.10 Walsh Codes
9.6 Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.7 Performance of Spread-Spectrum Systems
in Jamming Environments
9.7.1 Introduction
9.7.2 Types of Jammers
9.7.3 Combating Smart Jammers
9.7.4 Error Probabilities for Barrage Noise Jammers
9.7.5 Error Probabilities for Optimized Partial Band
or Pulsed Jammers
9.8 Performance in Multiple User Environments
9.9 Multiuser Detection
9.10 Examples of Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.10.1 Space Shuttle Spectrum Despreader
9.10.2 Global Positioning System
9,11 Summary
References
Problems
10 Introduction to Cellular Radio Communications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Frequency Reuse
10.3 Channel Models
10.3.1 Path Loss and Shadow Fading Models
10.3.1.1 Free Space Path Loss
10.3.1.2 Flat Earth Path Loss
10.3.1.3 Okumura/Hata Path Attenuation Model
10.3.1.4 Log-Normal Shadow Fading
10.3.2 Multipath Channel Models
10.3.2.1 Rayleigh Fading (Unresolvable-Multipath)
Models
10.3.2.2 Ricean (Unresolvable) Fading
10.3.2.3 Summary
10.3.2.4 Resolvable Multipath Components
10.3.2.5 A Mathematical Model for the WSSUS
Channel
10.4 Mitigation Techniques for the Multipath Fading Channel
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Space Diversity
10.4.3 Frequency Diversity
10.4.4 Time Diversity
10.4.5 Multipath Diversity and RAKE Receivers
10.5 System Design and Performance Prediction
10.5.1 Introduction
10.5.2 Performance Figures of Merit
10.5.3 Frequency Reuse
10.5.4 Cells Are Never Hexagons
10.5.5 Interference Averaging
10.6 Advanced Mobile Phone Service
10.6.1 Introduction
10.6.2 Call Setup and Control
10.6.3 Modulation and Signaling Formats
10.7 Global System for Mobile Communications
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 System Overview
10.7.3 Modulation and Signaling Formats
10.7.4 Summary and Additional Comments
10.8 Code Division Multiple Access
10.8.1 Introduction
10.8.2 Forward Link Description
10.8.3 Reverse Link Description
10.8.4 Capacity of CDMA
10.8.5 Additional Comments
10.9 Recommended Further Reading
10.9.1 Cellular Concepts and Systems
10.9.2 Channel Modeling and Propagation
10.9.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
11 Satellite Communications
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 A Brief History of Satellite Communications
11.1.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology
11.1.3 Orbital Relationships
11.1.4 Antenna Coverage
11.2 Allocation of a Satellite Transmission Resource
11.2.1 FDMA
11.2.2 TDMA
11.2.3 CDMA
11.3 Link Power Budget Analysis
11.3.1 Bent-Pipe Relay
11.3.2 Demod/Remod (Regenerative) Digital Transponder
11.3.3 Adjacent Channel Interference
11.3.4 Adjacent Satellite Interference
11.3.5 Power Division in Limiting Repeaters
11.4 Examples of Link Power Budget Calculations
11.5 Low- and Medium-Earth Orbit Voice Messaging
Satellite Systems
11.6 Summary
References
Problems
A Probability and Random Variables
A.1 Probability Theory
A.1.1 Definitions
A.1.2 Axioms
A.1.3 Joint, Marginal, and Conditional Probabilities
A.2 Random Variables, Probability Density Functions,
and Averages
A.2.1 Random Variables
A.2.2 Probability Distribution and Density Functions
A.2.3 Averages of Random Variables
A.3 Characteristic Function and Probability Generating Function
A.3.1 Characteristic Function
A.3.2 Probability Generating Function
A.4 Transformations of Random Variables
A.4.1 General Results
A.4.2 Linear Transformations of Gaussian
Random Variables
A.5 Central Limit Theorem
References
Problems
B Characterization of Internally Generated Noise
References
Problems
C Attenuation of Radio-Wave Propagation by Atmospheric
Gases and Rain
D Generation of Coherent References
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Description of Phase Noise and Its Properties
D.2.1 General Considerations
D.2.2 Phase and Frequency Noise Power Spectra
D.2.3 Allan Variance
D.2.4 Effect of Frequency Multipliers and Dividers
on Phase-Noise Spectra
D.3 Phase-Lock Loop Models and Characteristics of Operation
D.3.1 Synchronized Mode: Linear Operation
D.3.2 Effects of Noise
D.3.3 Phase-Locked-Loop Tracking of Oscillators
with Phase Noise
D.3,4 Phase Jitter Plus Noise Effects
D.3.5 Transient Response
D.3.6 Phase-Locked-Loop Acquisition
D.3.7 Effects of Transport Delay
D.4 Frequency Synthesis
D.4.1 Digital Synthesizers
D.4.2 Direct Synthesis
D,4.2.1 Configurations
D.4.2.2 Spurious Frequency Component Generation
in Direct Synthesizers
D.4.3 Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers
D.4.3.1 Configurations
D.4.3.2 Output Phase Noise
D.4.3.3 Spur Generation in Indirect Synthesizers
References
Problems
E Gausslan Probability Function
Reference
F Mathematical Tables
F.1 The Sinc Function
F.2 Trigonometric Identities
F.3 Indefinite integrals
F.4 Definite Integrals
F.5 Series Expansions
F.6 Fourier Transform Theorems
F.7 Fourier Transform Pairs
Index
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