Prefacexv
PARTIANOverview
1PsychologicaITestingandAssessment1
TESTINGANDASSESSMENT1
PsychologicalTestingandAssessmentDefined1
TheToolsofPsychologicalAssessment5
WHO,WHAT,WHY,ANDWHERE?16
WhoAretheParties?16
InWhatTypesofSettingsAreAssessmentsConducted,andWhy?20
WheretoGoforAuthoritativeInformation:ReferenceSources26
CLOSE-UPTypesofComputer-GeneratedPsychologicalReports13
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICS"TheFollowingFilmIsRatedPG-13"...ButWhodunnit?
How?AndWhy?19
SELF-ASSESSMENT30
WEBWATCH30
2Historical,Cultural,andLegal/EthicalConsiderations31
AHISTORICALPERSPECTIVE31
AntiquitytotheNineteenthCentury31
TheNineteenthCentury32
TheTwentiethCentury35
CULTUREANDASSESSMENT37
EvolvingInterestinCulture-RelatedIssues38
SomeIssuesRegardingCultureandAssessment40
TestsandGroupMembership43
LEGALANDETHICALCONSIDERATIONS45
TheConcernsofthePublic45
TheConcernsoftheProfession49
TheRightsofTesttakers57
CLOSE-UPAssessment,Admissions,andAffirmativeAction:Grutterv.Bollingeretal.(2003)50
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSLife-or-DeathPsychologicalAssessment55
SELF-ASSESSMENT60
WEBWATCH61
PARTIITheScienceofPsychologicalMeasurement
3AStatisticsRefresher62
SCALESOFMEASUREMENT63
NominalScales64
OrdinalScales65
IntervalScales66
RatioScales66
MeasurementScalesinPsychology66
DESCRIBINGDATA68
FrequencyDistributions69
MeasuresofCentralTendency74
MeasuresofVariability77
Skewness81
Kurtosis82
THENORMALCURVE83
TheAreaUndertheNormalCurve83
STANDARDSCORES86
zScores87
TScores87
OtherStandardScores88
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSConsumer(ofGraphedData),Beware!73
CLOSE-UPTheNormalCurveandPsychologicalTests84
SELF-ASSESSMENT90
WEBWATCH91
4OfTestsandTesting92
SOMEASSUMPTIONSABOUTPSYCHOLOGICALTESTING
ANDASSESSMENT92
Assumption1:PsychologicalTraitsandStatesExist92
Assumption2:PsychologicalTraitsandStatesCanBeQuantified
andMeasured94
Assumption3:Test-RelatedBehaviorPredictsNon-Test-RelatedBehavior95
Assumption4:TestsandOtherMeasurementTechniquesHaveStrengths
andWeaknesses96
Assumption5:VariousSourcesofErrorArePartoftheAssessmentProcess96
Assumption6:TestingandAssessmentCanBeConductedinaFairand
UnbiasedManner97
Assumption7:TestingandAssessmentBenefitSociety97
WHAT'SA"GOODTEST"?98
Reliability98
Validity98
OtherConsiderations99
NORMS99
Standardization,Sampling,andNorming103
TypesofNorms106
FixedReferenceGroupScoringSystems109
Norm-ReferencedVersusCriterion-ReferencedEvaluation110
CORRELATIONANDINFERENCE114
TheConceptofCorrelation114
ThePearsonr115
TheSpearmanRho117
GraphicRepresentationsofCorrelation118
Regression122
INFERENCEFROMMEASUREMENT125
Meta-Analysis125
CultureandInference125
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSPuttingTeststotheTest100
CLOSE-UPGoodOl'NormsandtheGRE111
SELF-ASSESSMENT127
WEBWATCH128
5Reliability129
THECONCEPTOFRELIABILITY129
SourcesofErrorVariance130
RELIABILITYESTIMATES132
Test-RetestReliabilityEstimates132
Parallel-FormsandAlternate-FormsReliabilityEstimates133
Split-HalfReliabilityEstimates135
OtherMethodsofEstimatingInternalConsistency137
MeasuresofInter-ScorerReliability140
USINGANDINTERPRETINGACOEFFICIENTOFRELIABILITY141
ThePurposeoftheReliabilityCoefficient141
TheNatureoftheTest142
AlternativestotheTrueScoreModel146
RELIABILITYANDINDWIDUALSCORES149
TheStandardErrorofMeasurement149
TheStandardErroroftheDifferenceBetweenTwoScores152
CLOSE-UPTheReliabilityoftheBayley-II143
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSTheReliabilityDefenseandtheBreathalyzerTest147
SELF-ASSESSMENT155
WEBWATCH155
6Validity156
THECONCEPTOFVALIDITY156
FaceValidity158
CONTENTVALIDITY159
TheQuantificationofContentValidity159
CultureandtheRelativityofContentValidity161
CRITERION-RELATEDVALIDITY163
WhatIsaCriterion?163
ConcurrentValidity164
PredictiveValidity164
CONSTRUCTVALIDITY175
EvidenceofConstructValidity176
VALIDITY,BIAS,ANDFAIRNESS181
TestBias181
TestFairness184
CLOSE-UPBaseRatesandPredictiveValidity172
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSAdjustmentofTestScoresbyGroupMembership:
FairnessinTestingorFoulPlay?186
SELF-ASSESSMENT188
WEBWATCH189
7TestDevelopment190
TESTCONCEPTUALIZATION190
SomePreliminaryQuestions191
PilotWork193
TESTCONSTRUCTION194
Scaling194
WritingItems201
ScoringItems210
TESTTRYOUT211
WhatIsaGoodItem?212
ITEMANALYSIS212
TheItem-DifficultyIndex212
TheItem-ReliabilityIndex214
TheItem-ValidityIndex214
TheItem-DiscriminationIndex215
Item-CharacteristicCurves217
OtherConsiderationsinItemAnalysis220
QualitativeItemAnalysis222
TESTREVISION225
TestRevisionasaStageinNewTestDevelopment225
TestRevisionintheLifeCycleofanExistingTest226
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSPsychometricsintheClassroom195
CLOSE-UPDesigninganItemBank207
SELF-ASSESSMENT231_
WEBWATCH231
PARTIIITheAssessmentofIntelligence
8IntelligenceandItsMeasurement232
WHATISINTELLIGENCE?232
IntelligenceDefined:ViewsoftheLayPublic233
IntelligenceDefined:ViewsofScholarsandTestProfessionals234
Factor-AnalyticTheoriesofIntelligence236
TheInformation-ProcessingView241
MEASURINGINTELLIGENCE243
TypesofTasksUsedinIntelligenceTests243
TheoryinIntelligenceTestDevelopmentandInterpretation244
INTELLIGENCE:SOMEISSUES246
NatureVersusNurture246
TheStabilityofIntelligence250
OtherIssues251
APERSPECTIVE261
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSBeingGifted252
CLOSE-UPCultureFair/CultureLoaded258
SELF-ASSESSMENT262
WEBWATCH263
9TestsofIntelligence264
THESTANFORD-BINETINTELLIGENCESCALES265
TheStanford-BinetIntelligenceScales:FifthEdition268
THEWECHSLERTESTS273
TheWechslerAdultIntelligenceScale-ThirdEdition(WAIS-III)275
TheWechslerIntelligenceScaleforChildren-FourthEdition(WISC-IV)279
TheWechslerPreschoolandPrimaryScaleofIntelligence-ThirdEdition(WPPSI-III)282
Wechsler,Binet,andtheShortForm284
TheWechslerTestsinPerspective286
OTHERMEASURESOFINTELLIGENCE286
TestsDesignedforIndividualAdministration286
TestsDesignedforGroupAdministration291
MeasuresofSpecificIntellectualAbilities296
CLOSE-UPFactorAnalysis287
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSTheArmedServicesVocationalAptitudeBattery(ASVAB):ATestYouCanTake293
SELF-ASSESSMENT298
WEBWATCH298
10PreschoolandEducationalAssessment300
PRESCHOOLASSESSMENT300
ToolsofPreschoolAssessment301
ACHIEVEMENTTESTS305
MeasuresofGeneralAchievement306
MeasuresofAchievementinSpecificSubjectAreas307
APTITUDETESTS311
TheElementarySchoolLevel313
TheSecondarySchoolLevel314
TheCollegeLevelandBeyond316
DIAGNOSTICTESTS318
ReadingTests319
MathTests320
OtherDiagnosticTests321
PSYCHOEDUCATIONALTESTBATTERIES321
TheKaufmanAssessmentBatteryforChildren(K-ABC)322
TheDifferentialAbilityScales(DAS)324
TheWoodcock-JohnsonIII(WJIII)327
OTHERTOOLSOFASSESSMENTINEDUCATIONALSETTINGS329
Performance,Portfolio,andAuthenticAssessment329
PeerAppraisalTechniques331
MeasuringStudyHabits,Interests,andAttitudes332
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSFirstImpressions302
CL0SE-UPTestsofMinimumCompetency309
SELF-ASSESSMENT333
PARTIVTheAssessmentofPersonality
11PersonalityAssessment:AnOverview335
PERSONALITYANDPERSONALITYASSESSMENTDEFINED335
Personality335
PersonalityAssessment336
Traits,Types,andStates336
PERSONALITYASSESSMENT:SOMEBASICQUESTIONS340
Who?341
What?345
Where?347
How?347
DEVELOPINGINSTRUMENTSTOASSESSPERSONALITY355
LogicandReason356
Theory356
DataReductionMethods357
CriterionGroups359
PERSONALITYASSESSMENTANDCULTURE370
AcculturationandRelatedConsiderations370
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSSomeCommonItemFormats350
CLOSE-UPAssessingAcculturationandRelatedVariables372
SELF-ASSESSMENT374
WEBWATCH375
12PersonalityAssessmentMethods376
OBJECTIVEMETHODS376
PROJECTIVEMETHODS378
InkblotsasProjectiveStimuli379
PicturesasProjectiveStimuli384
WordsasProjectiveStimuli391
SoundsasProjectiveStimuli394
TheProductionofFigureDrawings395
ProjectiveMethodsinPerspective399
BEHAVIORALASSESSMENTMETHODS402
TheWho,What,When,Where,Why,andHowofIt404
ApproachestoBehavioralAssessment407
IssuesinBehavioralAssessment414
APERSPECTIVE417
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSConfessionsofaBehaviorRater408
CLOSE-OPPersonality,LifeOutcomes,andCollegeYearbookPhotos415
SELF-ASSESSMENT418
WEBWATCH418
PARTVTestingandAssessmentinAction
13ClinicalandCounselingAssessment419
ANOVERVIEW419
ClinicalAssessmentandManagedCare421
TheDiagnosisofMentalDisorders421
THEINTERVIEW423
TypesofInterviews424
PsychometricAspectsoftheInterview428
CulturalAspectsoftheInterview429
CASEHISTORYDATA434
PSYCHOLOGICALTESTS435
ThePsychologicalTestBattery435
SPECIALAPPLICATIONSOFCLINICALMEASURES436
TheAssessmentofAddictionandSubstanceAbuse436ForensicPsychologicalAssessment438
CustodyEvaluations446
ChildAbuseandNeglect448
THEPSYCHOLOGICALREPORT452
TheBarnumEffect452
ClinicalVersusMechanicalPrediction455
CLOSE-UPAssessmentofDangerousnessandtheSecretService440
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSElementsofaTypicalReportofPsychologicalAssessment453
SELF-ASSESSMENT457
WEBWATCH457
16Assessment,Careers,andBusiness458
CAREERCHOICEANDCAREERTRANSITION458
MeasuresofInterest459
MeasuresofAbilityandAptitude462
MeasuresofPersonality469
OtherMeasures472
SCREENING,SELECTION,CLASSIFICATION,ANDPLACEMENT474
TheResumeandtheLetterofApplication475
TheApplicationForm475
LettersofRecommendation476
Interviews476
PortfolioAssessment477
PerformanceTests477
PhysicalTests479
PRODUCTIVITY,MOTIVATION,ATTITUDE,ANDORGANIZATIONALCULTURE482
MeasuresofCognitiveAbility482
Productivity483
Motivation485
Attitude489
OrganizationalCulture490
OTHERAPPLICATIONSOFTOOLSOFASSESSMENT491
ConsumerPsychology492
TheMeasurementofAttitudes494
MotivationResearchMethods497
CLOSE-UPValidityGeneralizationandtheGATB465
EVERYDAYPSYCHOMETRICSAssessmentofCorporateandOrganizationalCulture492
SELF-ASSESSMENT502
WEBWATCH502
Glossary/IndexI-1
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