chapter one an overview of western translation studies before the 1970s 1 translation in antiquity 2 translation in renassance and reformation 3 romanticism in transalation studies 4 western translation studies in modern times 5 james holmes and his 'map'of translation studies 6 development since the 1970s chapter two linguistics-oriented approaches to translation studies 1 meaning-oriented approaches 2 equivalence-oriented approaches 3 discourse-analysis ,pragmatics and textual-linguistics approaches 4 croups approaches 5 cogntive/psycholinguistic approaches chapter three function-orented approaches to translation studies 1 text typology and language functions 2 theory of translational action 3 skopostheorie 4 functionalist methodology in translator training 5 translation-oriented model of text analysis chapter four system-based approaches to translation studies 1 tel aviv school 2 further development of translation norms 3 the manipulation school chapter five culture-bassed approaches to translation studeies 1 the "cultural turn"in translation studies 2 translation as rewriting 3 feminist approaches 4 postcolonial approaches 5 cannibalist approaches 6 irish context of translation studies 7 pym's ethics of interculturality chapter six philosophical approaches to translation studies chapter seven historical approaches to translation studies chapter eight studies on machine translation chapter nine interpreting studies chapter ten interdisciplinarity.glodalization and translation studies bibligraphy