PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Pattern-Oriented Analysis and Design 3 The Role of Patterns in Software Development 3 Purpose of POAD 3 Pattern-Oriented Design Issues 4 POAD Is a Solution 5 What Is Covered in this Book? 6 2 Design Patterns and Software Engineering 7 Design Patterns in the Software Lifecycle 7 POAD and OO Technology 8 Design Patterns 10 What Is a Pattern? 10 History of Patterns 11 The Pattern Lifecycle 12 Design Frameworks 14 What Is a Framework? 14 Developing Robust Designs Using Frameworks 15 The Role of Patterns in Developing O0 Frameworks 16 Design Pattern Composition Approaches 17 Summary 17 3 Composition of Design Patterns 19 Behavioral Composition Techniques 20 Object-Oriented Role Analysis and Software Synthesis 21 Composing Design Patterns Using Roles 25 Architecture Fragments and Superimposition 27 Role/Type/Class Modeling 29 Structural Composition of Design Patterns 32 A Pattern-Oriented Composition Technique 33 Software Composition at the Design Level using Design Components 34 Component-Based Frameworks Using Patterns 35 The Catalysis Approach 36 Composition Patterns, Subject- Oriented Programming, and Aspect-Oriented Software Development 38 Further Reading 41 PART II TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POAD 4 Constructional Design Patterns as Components Which Patterns to Use in POAD 47 Software Components 49 A Design Component 50 Constructional Design Patterns 51' Specifying a Pattern as a Component 52 A Recipe 52 Formal Specification 52 Interface Specification 53 Component Interfaces 53 Module Interconnection Languages 53 Interface Definition Language 54 Interfaces for Object-Oriented Components 55 Application/Platform Interfaces 55 Interface Properties 56 Type 56 Role 56 Nature 57 Dynamism 57 Description 57 Multiplicity 57 Pattern Interfaces 58 Summary 60 5 Visual Design Models 61 Pattern Composition Models 61 Pattern-Level Model 63 Schematic Diagram 63 Relationships 64 Design Decisions 65 UML Syntax Support 65 Example 65 Pattern-Level with Interfaces Model 66 Schematic Diagram 66 Relationships 67 Design Decisions 67 UML Syntax Support 67 Example 68 Detailed Pattern-Level Model 68 Schematic Diagram 69 Relationships 69 Design Decisions 70 UML Syntax Support 70 Example 70 Characteristics of the POAD Design Models 71 Hierarchy 71 Traceability 72 Composability 72 Summary 72 6 UML Support for Design Patterns 73 Patterns as Mechanisms 74 Architectural Patterns 78 Patterns as Packages 79 Patterns and Components 82 Modeling Pattern-Oriented Designs 82 A Comparison 83 Summary 84 PART III PROCESS ASPECTS OF POAD 7 POAD: The Process 87 Stringing Versus Overlapping 87 POAD Process Outline (The Nutshell) 92 Analysis Phase 95 Design Phase 96 Design Refinement Phase 97 POAD and Code Generation 97 POAD Characteristics 99 Pattern-Driven 99 Component-Based Development 99 Architectural Development 100 Library-Driven Development 100 Design Reuse 100 Hierarchical Development 101 Iterative Development 101 Pattern-Oriented Frameworks 102 Pattern-Level Instantiation 102 Class-Level Instantiation 102 Benefits and Limitations 103 Benefits 103 Limitations 104 Summary 104 8 Analysis Phase 105 Overview 105 Requirements Analysis 107 Purpose 107 Process 107 Product 110 Analysis Tips 110 Acquaintance 110 Purpose 110 Process IlO Product 112 Analysis Tips 113 Retrieval 113 Purpose 113 Process 113 Product 116 Analysis Tips 116 Pattern Selection 117 Purpose 117 Process 117 Product 119 Analysis Tips 119 Summary 120 9 Design Phase 121 Overview 121 Constructing Pattern-Level Models 123 Purpose 123 Process 123 Product 126 Design Tips 126 Constructing Pattern-Level with Interfaces Models 126 Purpose 126 Process 127 Product 129 Design Tips 129 Constructing Detailed Pattern-Level Models 130 Purpose 130 Process 130 Product 132 Design Tips 132 Summary 132 10 Design-Refinement Phase 135 Overview 135 Instantiating Pattern Internals 137 Purpose 137 Process 137 Product 140 Design-RefinementTips 140 Developing the Initial Class Diagram 141 Purpose 141 Process 141 Product I44 Design-RefinementTips 144 Design Optimization 145 Purpose 145 Process 145 Product 150 Design-Refinement Tips 150 Using POAD for Developing Frameworks 150 Summary 151 PART IV CASE STUDIES 11 Feedback Control Systems 155 POAD Analysis for the Feedback Control Framework 156 Requirements Analysis 156 Pattern Selection 158 . POAD Design for the Feedback Control Framework 159 Constructing Pattern-Level Diagrams 159 Constructing the Pattern-Level with Interfaces Diagram 160 Constructing Detailed Pattern-Level Diagrams ' 161 POAD Design Refinement for the Feedback Control Framework 163 Instantiating Pattern Internals 163 Developing an Initial Class Diagram 166 Design Optimization 168 Example: Quality Control in Production Lines 173 System Description 173 Application-Specific Considerations 175 Instantiation of the Framework 175 Sample Implementation 178 Summary 187 12 Simulation of Waiting Queues 189 Background and Requirements 189 Domain Engineering 190 Application Engineering 191 POAD Analysis for the Waiting-Queues Simulation Architecture 192 Requirements Analysis 192 Acquaintance and Retrieval 193 Pattern Selection 194 POAD Design for the Waiting-Queues Simulation Architecture 195 Constructing Pattern-Level Diagrams 195 Constructing Pattern-Level with Interfaces Diagrams 196 Constructing Detailed Pattern-Level Diagrams 197 POAD Design Refinement for the Waiting-Queues Simulation Architecture 197 Instantiating Pattern Internals 197 Developing an Initial Class Diagram 201 Design Optimization 207 Sample Implementation 209 Summary 235 13 A Digital Content Remastering Application 237 Document Understanding 237 Applications and Systems 237 A DCRM System 239 DCRM Subsystems 241 Pattern-Oriented Analysis and Design for the Distribution Subsystem 242 POAD Analysis for the DCRM Distribution Subsystem 242 POAD Design for the DCRM Distribution Subsystem 244 Constructing the Pattern-Level with Interfaces Diagram 244 Constructing the Detailed Pattern-Level Diagrams 245 POAD Design Refinement for the DCRM Distribution Subsystem 24.' Pattern-Oriented Analysis and Design for the Filtering Subsystem 250 POAD Analysis for the DCRM Filtering Subsystem 250 POAD Design for the DCRM Filtering Subsystem 253 POAD Design Refinement for the DCRM Filtering Subsystem 256 Summary 263 14 A Medical Informatics System 265 Medical Informatics Standards 265 Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) 266 Specification Versus Implementation 266 DICOM Scope 267 A Client/ServerArchitecture 269 Pattern-Oriented Analysis and Design of the DICOM UL 270 POAD Analysis for DICOM Upper-Layer Subsystem 271 POAD Design for DICOM Upper-Layer Subsystem 278 POAD Design Refinement for the DICOM Upper-Layer Subsystem 284 POAD is Simple Process for Designing Reactive Systems 286 Pattern-Oriented Analysis and Design for the Client Application Entity 286 POAD Analysis for the Client Application Entity 286 POAD Design for the Client Application Entity 290 POAD Design Refinerhent for the Client Application Entity 294 Summary 298 PARTV AUTOMATION AND SUMMARIES 15 Relation to UML Metamodel and Specification 303 Syntax is Not Enough 303 The Object Constraint Language 304 What Is OCL? 304 Using OCL 305 Adding POAD Constructs to the UML Metamodel 305 Abstract Syntax 307 Pattern 308 PatternDependency 312 PatternAssociation 312 Patternlnfo 312 Patternlnterface 313 PatternKind 313 PatternPresentation 313 InterfaceBinder 314 Well-Formedness Rules 314 Pattern 314 PatternDependency 315 PatternAssociation 316 Patternlnterface 317 InterfaceBinder 317 Semantics 318 Pattern 318 Relationships 319 Summary 319 16 Tool Support for Designing with Patterns 321 The Need for Tool Support 321 Pattern Tools 322 Framework Adaptive Composition Environment 322 Fragmentation Technique 324 PSiGene 326 Code Generation 327 The Pattern Lint 328 Hooks and Templates 329 TogetherSoft 330 Requirements and Features of a POAD Tool 331 Patterns as First-Class Design Elements 331 POAD Hierarchical Models 332 Traceability. 332 Pattern Repository 334 Models with Memory 334 Pattern Instantiation 335 Summary 335 17 Wrapping Up 337 Systematic Composition of Design Pattern 337 POAD Characteristics 338 POAD and Software Reuse 339 Applying POAD 340 Pattern Literature 341 Future Trends in Pattern Composition 342 Conclusion 344 A Interfaces for Constructional Design Patterns 345 Strategy Pattern 345 Observer Pattern 345 Composite Pattern 346 Reactor Pattern 346 TemplateMethod Pattern 347 Proxy Pattern 347 AbstractFactory Pattern 348 Builder Pattern 348 Mediator Pattern 349 Command Pattern 349 B State of the Art and Practice in Design Patterns 351 Pattern Mining 351 Pattern Description Formats (Templates) 351 Tool Support 352 Pattern Formalism 352 Pattern Languages 353 Pattern-Based Implementation 353 More Challenges 354 Formal Specification of Design Patterns 354 Pattern Instantiation and Implementation 354 Development Methodologies 355 Documentation of Design Patterns 355 Evaluating Existing Design Patterns 355 Glossary 357 Bibliography 361
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