K. R. Rao， is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Texasat Arlington. He has authored or co-authored several additional leading textsin the field， including Techniques and Standards for Image/Video/AudioCoding， and Packet Video Communications over ATM Networks （PrenticeHall）. In 1975， with two other researchers， he introduced the iscreteCosine Transform， one of today's most powerful digital signal processingtechniques. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.Zoran S. Bojkovic， received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineeringfrom the University of Belgrade， Yugoslavia， Faculty of Electrical Engi-neering. He is currently a professor of electrical engineering at the Univer-sity of Belgrade. He has taught a wide range of courses in communicationnetworks and signal processing and supervised postgraduate tudentsworldwide. He has published 15 textbooks and more than 300 papers ininternational books， in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. He is also an active reviewer and a member of the Scientific committee of numerous journals and conferences， and serves as chairman for international conferences，symposiums and workshops. He has conducted workshops/tutorials on multimedia worldwideand participated in many communication， scientific， and industrial projects. He is a member ofIEEE Communication Society and EURASIP.Dragorad A. Milovanovic， received the Dipl. Electr. Eng. and Master ofScience degree from the University of Belgrade， Yugoslavia Faculty ofEngineering. From 1987 to 1991， he was a Research Assistant at theDepartment of Electrical ngineering， where his research interest includesanalysis and design of digital communications systems. He has beenworking as R&D engineer for DSP software development in digital television industry. Also， he is serving as a consultant for developing standardbased and secure solutions for media coding， streaming and distribution.He has participated in numerous scientific projects and published more than 150 papers in international journals and conference proceedings.
圖書目錄
Preface Acknowledgments List of Acronyms Chapter 1 Multimedia Communications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Multimedia Communication Model 1.3 Elements of Multimedia Systems 1.4 User Requirements 1.5 Network Requirements 1.6 Packet Transfer Concept 1.7 Multimedia Requirements and ATM Networks 1.8 Multimedia Terminals 1.9 Concluding Remarks Chapter 2 Audio-Visual Integration 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Media Interaction 2.3 Bimodality of Human Speech 2.4 Lip Reading 2.5 Speech-Driven Talking Heads 2.6 Lip Synchronization 2.7 Lip Tracking 2.8 Audio-to-Visual Mapping 2.8.1 Classification-Based Conversion 2.8.2 HMM for Audio-to-Visual Conversion 2.8.3 Audio and Visual Integration for Lip-Reading Applications 2.8.4 Audio-Visual Information Preprocessing 2.8.5 Pattern-Recognition Strategies 2.8.6 Integration Strategy 2.9 Bimodal Person Verification 2.10 Joint Audio-Video Coding 2.11 Concluding Remarks Chapter 3 Multimedia Processing in Communications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Digital Media 3.3 Signal-Processing Elements 3.4 Challenges of Multimedia Information Processing 3.4.1 Pre and Postprocessing 3.4.2 Speech, Audio and Acoustic Processing for Multimedia 3.4.3 video Signal Processing 3.4.4 Content-Based Image Retrieval Texture-Based Methods Shape-Based Methods Color-Based Methods 3.5 Perceptual Coding of Digital Audio Signals 3.5.1 General Perceptual Audio-Coding Architecture 3.5.2 Review of Psychoacoustic Fundamentals Absolute Threshold of Hearing Critical Band Frequency Analysis Simultaneous Masking and the Spread of Masking Temporal Masking PE 3.6 Transform Audio Coders 3.6.1 Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain 3.6.2 Perceptual Transform Coder 3.6.3 Hybrid Coder 3.6.4 Transform Coding Using DFT Interblock Redundancy 3.6.5 ASPEC 3.6.6 Differential Perceptual Audio Coder 3.6.7 DFT Noise Substitution 3.6.8 DCT with Vector Quantization 3.6.9 MDCT 3.6.10 MDCT with VQ 3.7 Audio Subband Coders 3.7.1 Wavelet Decompositions 3.7.2 DWT-based Subband Coders 3.8 Speech Coder Attributes 3.9 CD Audio Coding for Multimedia Applications 3.10 Image Coding 3.11 Video Coding 3.11.1 TC and Subband Coding (SBC) 3.11.2 Predictive Coding 3.11.3 Motion-Compensated Video Coding 3.12 Watermarking 3.12.1 Watermarking Techniques 3.12.2 Main Features of Watermarking 3.12.3 Application Domains 3.13 Organization, Storage and Retrieval Issues 3.13.1 Streaming Issues for Speech and Audio 3.13.2 Streaming Issues for Video 3.14 Signal Processing for Networked Multimedia 3.15 NNs for Multimedia Processing 3.15.1 NNs for Optimal Visualization 3.15.2 Neural Techniques for Motion Estimation 3.15.3 NN Application to Face Detection and Recognition 3.15.4 Personal Authentication by Fusing Image and Speech 3.15.5 Subject-Based Retrieval for Image and Video Databases 3.15.6 Face-Based Video Indexing and Browsing 3.16 Multimedia Processors 3.16.1 Image-Processing Hardware and Software 3.16.2 Multimedia Processors' Classification 3.16.3 General Purpose Microprocessors 3.16.4 Microprocessors for Embedded Applications 3.17 Concluding Remarks Chapter 4 Distributed Multimedia Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Main Features of a DMS 4.3 Resource Management of DMS 4.4 Networking 4.4.1 IP Networking IP Multicast Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) RTP 4.4.2 Integrated Management Architecture for IP-Based Networks Performance Management Fault Management Configuration Management Security Management Accounting and Billing Management 4.4.3 ATM 4.4.4 Integration of IP and ATM 4.4.5 Real-Time Multimedia over ATM (RMOA) 4.5 Multimedia Operating Systems CPU Management Memory Management I/0 Management File System Management 4.6 Distributed Multimedia Servers 4.6.1 Multimedia Packing 4.7 Distributed Multimedia Applications 4.7.1 1TV VoD 4.7.2 Telecooperation Telecooperation Infrastructure Telecooperative Applications Telemedicine 4.7.3 Hypermedia Applications Basic Features of a Hypermedia System The Web 4.8 Concluding Remarks Chapter 5 Multimedia Communication Standards 5.1 Introduction 5.2 MPEG Approach to Multimedia Standardization 5.3 MPEG-1 (Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio) 5.3.1 The Basic MPEG-1 Intefframe Coding Scheme 5.3.2 Conditional Replenishment 5.3.3 Specific Storage Media Functionalities 5.3.4 Rate Control 5.4 MPEG-2 (Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio) 5.4.1 MPEG-2 Video MPEG-2 Video--The Basics MPEG-2 Video Syntax MPEG-2 Video Scalability MPEG-2 Video: Profiles and Levels 5.4.2 MPEG-2 Audio 5.4.3 MPEG-2 Systems 5.4.4 MPEG-2 DSM-CC MPEG-4---Coding of Audiovisual Objects 5.5.1 Overview of MPEG4: Motivations, Achievement, Process and Requirements Media Objects MPEG-4 Version 1 MPEG-4 Version 2 Extensions to MPEG-4 Beyond Version 2 Profiles in MPEG-4 Verification Testing: Checking MPEG's Performance MPEG-4 Standardization Process Requirements for MPEG-4 5.5.2 MPEG-4 Systems MPEG-4 Systems Architecture Elementary Stream Management (ESM) Auxiliary Descriptors and Streams Structuring Content by Grouping of Streams Managing Content Complexity Distributed Content-Handling Considerations System Decoder Model (SDM) for ES Synchronization MPEG-4 Systems BIFS 5.5.3 DMIF DMIF Computational Model 5.5.4 MPEG-4 Video Shape-Coding Tools for MPEG-4 Natural Video Motion Estimation and Compensation Texture-Coding Tools Multifunctional Coding Sprite Coding Scalability Error Resilience Relationship Between Natural and Synthetic Video Coding Synthetic Images Integration of Face Animation with Natural Video FAPs Face Model Coding of FAPs FIT Integration of Face Animation and Text-to-Speech (TI'S) Synthesis BIFS for Facial Animation 2l) Mesh Coding VO Tracking 2D-Mesh Object Encoder/Decoder 5.5.5 MPEG-4 Audio MPEG4 Natural Audio Coding General Audio Coding (Advanced Audio Coding Based) Twin VQ Speech Coding in MPEG-4 Audio Scalability in MPEG-4 Natural Audio Synthetic Audio in MPEG-4 Audio BIFS 5.5.6 Profiles and Levels in MPEG-4 Visual Object Types Visual Profiles Audio Object Types Audio Profiles Graphics Systems Profiles 5.6 MPEG-4 Visual Texture Coding (VTC) and JPEG 2000 Image Compression Standards 5.6.1 JPEG 2000 Development Process 5.6.2 Overview of Still-Image Coding Standards MPEG-4 VTC JPEG PNG 5.6.3 Significant Features of JPEG 2000 Region of Interest (ROI) Coding Scalability Error Resilience IPRs 5.6.4 Architecture of JPEG 2000 5.6.5 JPEG 2000 Bit Stream 5.6.6 Compression Efficiency Comparisons Error Resilience 5.7 MPEG-7 Standardization Process of Multimedia Content Description 5.7.1 Objective of the MPEG-7 Standard 5.7.2 Status of the MPEG-7 Standard 5.7.3 Major Functionalities in MPEG-7 MPEG-7 Systems MPEG- 7 DDL MPEG- 7 Audio MPEG- 7 Visual MPEG- 7 MMDSs MPEG-7 Reference Software (XM) MPEG- 7 Conformance 5.7.4 Applications Enabled by MPEG-7 5.8 MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework 5.8.1 Audiovisual Content Representation Issues 5.8.2 Description of a Multimedia Framework Architecture MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration Content Representation Digital Item Identification and Description Content Management and Usage Intellectual Property Management and Protection Terminals and Networks Event Reporting 5.8.3 Requirements for Digital Item Declaration 5.9 ITU-T Standardization of Audiovisual Communication Systems 5.9.1 ITU-T Standardization Process 5.9.2 Audiovisual Systems (H.310, H.320, H.321, H.322, H.323, and H.324) H.320 Standard Standards for Audiovisual Services Across ATM H.310 and H. 321 Standard H. 322--Guaranteed QoS LAN Systems ITU-T H. 323 Standard H.324 Standard 5.9.3 Video-Coding Standards (H.261, H.263 and H.26L) H.261 Standard H. 263 Standard H. 263+ (H. 263 Version 2) Standard H. 263+ + Standard Development H. 26L Standard 5.9.4 ITU-T Speech-Coding Standards Bit Rate Delay Complexity Quality 5.9.5 Multimedia Multiplex and Synchronization Standards ITU- T Recommendation H. 221 ITU-T Recommendation H. 223 ITU-T Recommendation H. 225 Common Control Protocol H. 245 5.10 IETF and Intemet Standards 5.10.1 IETF Standardization Process 5.10.2 Internet Network Architecture 5.10.3 Internet Protocols Classical IP Stack IP Version 6 Priority Field Flow Label IPv6 Addresses Hop-by-Hop Options Header Fragment Header Routing Header lPv6 Security 5.10.4 Real-Time Multimedia Transmission Across the Internet Signaling Session Control Transport Network Infrastructure Multimedia Data for Network Use 5.10.5 MPEG-4 Video Transport Across the Internet Use of RTP System Architecture MPEG-4 Server MPEG-4 Client 5.11 Concluding Remarks Chapter 6 Multimedia Communications Across Networks 6.1 Packet Audio/Video in the Network Environment 6.1.1 Packet Voice 6.1.2 Integrated Packet Networks 6.1.3 Packet Video 6.2 Video Transport Across Generic Networks 6.2.1 Layered Video Ceding Layered Compression Layered Transmission 6.2.2 Error-Resilient Video Coding Techniques Error-Resilient Encoding Decoder Error Concealment Error-Resilient Entropy Code 6.2.3 Scalable Rate Control Rate Control Techniques Theoretical Foundation of the SRC 6.2.4 Streaming Video Across the Internet Video Compression Requirements Imposed by Streaming Applications Application Layer QoS Control Continuous Media Distribution Services Streaming Servers Media Synchronization Protocols for Streaming Video 6.3 Multimedia Transport Across ATM Networks 6.3.1 Multiplexing in ATM Networks 6.3.2 Video Delay in ATM Networks 6.3.3 Errors and Losses in ATM 6.3.4 MPEG Video Error Concealment 6.3.5 Loss Concealment 6.3.6 Video Across WATM Networks 6.3.7 Heterogeneous Networking 6.4 Multimedia Across IP Networks 6.4.1 Video Transmission Across IP Networks 6.4.2 Traffic Specification for MPEG Video Transmission on the Internet 6.4.3 Bandwidth Allocation Mechanism 6.4.4 Fine-Grained Scalable Video Coding for Multimedia Across IP 6.5 Multimedia Across DSLs 6.5.1 VoDSL Architecture 6.5.2 Delivering Voice Services Across DSL 6.5.3 Multimedia Across ADSL Serial Transmission: TDM Parallel Transmission Frequency Division Mulnplexing 6.6 Internet Access Networks 6.6.1 DSL Networks 6.6.2 Cable Access Networks 6.6.3 Fixed Wireless Routed for Intemet Access 6.7 Multimedia Across Wireless 6.7.1 Wireless Broadband Communication System (WBCS) for Multimedia 6.7.2 Audiovisual Solutions for Wireless Communications 6.7.3 Mobile Networks Speech Transmission in GSM Video Across GSM Mobile ATM Mobile IP Wireless Multimedia Delivery SIP in Mobile Environment Multicast Routing in Cellular Networks Broadband Wireless Mobile 6.7.4 Broadcasting Networks Digital Video Broadcasting ( DVB ) Data Transmission Using MPEG-2 and DVB MPEG Program Stream MPEG Transport Stream Broadband Multimedia Satellite Systems Multimedia Home Platform Multimedia Car Platform 6.8 Digital Television Infrastructure for Interactive Multimedia Services Interactive Broadcast Data (IDB) Services Data Carousel Concept 6.9 Concluding Remarks References Index About the Authors
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