Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix Part One An Object-Oriented View on Persistence 1 Chapter 1 A New Generation of Software 3 1.1 From Data to Information 3 1.2 Improving Software Quality 4 1.3 Databases Everywhere 4 1.4 To Have and to Hold 5 1.5 Concentrating on the Essence 5 1.6 The Importance of Scalability 6 1.7 Application Program Interfaces 7 1.8 The Road to Follow 7 Chapter 2 The Database Community Today 9 2.1 Walking among Dinosaurs 9 2.2 Database Usage 10 23 Database Users 10 2.4 Designing Database Applications 11 2.5 Relational Databases 12 2.6 Client/Server Systems 15 2.7 Distributed Software 18 2.8 Problems with Traditional Systems 19 2.9 4GL: The Solution? 20 2.10 Object-Oriented Databases 21 2.11 Preserving Openness 23 2.12 Summary 24 Chapter 3 An Object-Oriented View on Database Applications 25 3.1 Data-Driven Software Design 25 3.2 Supporting Multiple Applications 28 3.3 Object-Oriented Software Design 29 3.4 The Object Model 30 3.5 Example: Student Administration 31 3.6 Business Models and Supporting Multiple Applications 34 3.7 C++, Java, or Smalltalk: The Ultimate Answer? 35 3.8 Building Reusable Software 38 3.9 Toward Open Client/Server Applications 40 3.10 Object Orientation and Client/Server Design 40 3.11 User Interfaces 40 3.12 Analogy between User Interfaces and Databases 41 3.13 Object-Oriented or Relational? 43 3.14 Persistence from a Different Angle 44 3.15 Persistence and Separation of Concerns 44 3.16 Safety Issues 46 3.17 Summary 46 Part Two An Architecture for Object Persistence 47 Chapter 4 Making Objects Persistent 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Basic Requirements of a Persistence Framework 50 4.3 Obtaining Scalability 50 4.4 Interfacing with a Relational World: Problems to Conquer 51 4.5 Abstracting the Database 57 4.6 An Architecture for Object Persistence 58 4.7 Summary 60 Chapter 5 Abstracting the Database 61 5.1 A Persistent Container Class 61 5.2 Basic Functionality of PSet 61 5.3 Implementing the Persistence Architecture 63 5.4 Resolving the Impedance Mismatch 65 5.5 Reading and Writing Objects 71 5.6 Direct Instances of PSet 73 5.7 Searching for Objects 75 5.8 Supporting Multiple Technologies 79 5.9 Summary 81 Chapter 6 Encapsuiating Data Access 83 6.1 Deriving from PSet 83 6.2 Example: Class City 87 6.3 Using Class ~i ty 93 6.4 Member Objects 93 6.5 Derived IM Resolvers 94 6.6 Class Extension 99 6.7 Compile-Time Decoupling 100 6.8 Reuse and Migration to Other Technologies 104 6.9 Summary 104 Part Three Implementing Business Models 105 Chapter 7 Designing Business Objects 107 7.1 Developing a Simple Invoicing System 107 7.2 Searching Compound Objects 116 7.3 Object ID versus Primary Key 118 7.4 Developing Generic IM Resolvers 121 7.5 An OID-Based Reference Class 126 7.6 Supporting Existing Database Layouts 130 7.7 Versioning 131 7.8 Stability of Program Code against Schema Changes 134 7.9 Storing Multimedia Objects 135 7.10 Efficiency 139 7.11 Summary 145 Chapter 8 Inheritance of Persistent Objects 147 8.1 Specialization: Using Inheritance for Reuse 147 8.2 Generalization: Using Inheritance for Polymorphism 152 8.3 Using Generalizations as Member Objects 158 8.4 Inheritance in Relational Database Systems 162 8.5 Designing Reusable Software Components 170 8.6 Summary 173 Chapter 9 Associations 175 9.1 Many-to-One Relationships 175 9.2 Attributes versus Associations 176 9.3 Collections: One-to-Many Relationships 178 9.4 Associations and Reuse 186 9.5 Many-to-Many Relationships 188 9.6 A Closer Look at Associations 189 9.7 Associations as Independent Entities 191 9.8 Referential Integrity 197 9.9 Summary 202 Chapter 10 Transaction Management and Concurrency Control 203 10.1 The Transaction 203 10.2 The ACID Test 203 10.3 Transaction Management Exceeds the Database Level 205 10.4 Concurrency Control: Locking 206 10.5 Example: A Transaction Class 211 10.6 Transactions in Relational Database Systems 212 10.7 Using Transactions 214 10.8 Nested Transactions 215 10.9 Distributed Database Systems 217 10.10 Other Levels of Concurrency 219 10.11 Lock Notification through Call-Back Functions 221 10.12 Summary 222 Chapter 11 The Front End 223 11.1 Analogy between User Interfaces and Databases 223 11.2 Separating the User Interface from the Business Model 223 11.3 What to Put Where 229 11.4 Navigating through Persistent Sets 229 11.5 Summary 234 Chapter 12 Case Study: An Electronic Telephone Directory 235 12.1 Project Definition 235 12.2 Comparing Development Approaches 236 12.3 Designing the User Interface 237 12.4 The Database Model 240 12.5 Designing the Business Model 240 12.6 Comparing the Business Model and the Database Model 243 12.7 Implementing the Business Objects 244 12.8 Making Classes Persistent 250 12.9 Impedance Mismatch Examples 257 12.10 Implementing the User Interface 263 12.11 Summary 275 Chapter 13 Toward Open Applications 277 13.1 Third-Party Access to Your Application's Data 278 13.2 Standard Report Generators and Query Tools 278 13.3 Informationbases 281 13.4 Interoperability with Other Applications 282 13.5 Implementing an Informationbase 285 13.6 Architecture for Next-Generation Software 286 13.7 Summary 289 Chapter 14 Conclusion 291 Appendix DBtools-Based Implementation of Scoop 293 PSet 293 DataSet 294 IM_Resolver 294 Resolving Impedance Mismatch 295 Building the Select Statement 296 References 297 Index 301
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