Preface xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction Reasons for Internetworking 1 Reasons for Internetworking with ATM 1 Terms and Definitions 2 Internetworking and Interworking 2 L_2 and L_3 Protocol Data Units (PDUs) 3 Addresses and Virtual Circuit Identifiers 3 Routing and Switching 4 Specific Terms for the Vitual Circuit ID 4 Correlating Addresses and Virtual Circuit IDs 4 ATM Internetworking Examples 4 Comparison of ATM and Frame Relay 6 The ATM and Frame Relay Headers 6 Comparison of ATM and LAN Technologies 9 Comparison of ATM and IP 9 Conventions for ATM Interfaces and Data Units 11 Summary 13 CHAPTER 2 Encapsulation and Address Mapping Operations Encapsulation Concepts 14 Service Access Points (SAPS) 16 LLC and LSAPS 17 Etherype (Type) 18 Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) 18 ISO/IEC TR 9577 (Network Level Protocol Identifier [NLPID]) 19 Examples of Joint Use of NLPID and SNAP 20 IP Protocol ID 21 Pons/PSAPS 21 Putting It All Together 22 Example of Encapsulation Operations 24 Suppon for Layer 2 and 3 Protocois 26 Encapsulation Rules for Frame Relay (RFC 1490) 28 Encapsulation Rules for ATM (RFC 1483) 29 Options in RFC 1483 30 The Address Resoiution Protocol (ARP) 31 The ARP Protocol Data Units (PDUs) 33 Frame Relay ARP 34 Classical IP and ARP Over ATM (RFC 1577) 36 The LIS Configuration 37 Rules for Address Resolution 38 Operations at the ATMAARP Server and CI;ent 40 Operations at the Server 40 Operations at the ATMARP Client Site 41 ATMARP and Inverse ATMARP Packet Formats 44 ATMARP and INATMARP Packet Encapsulation 44 Multicast Address Resolution Server (MARS) 46 Pros and Cons of MARS 48 Summary 48 CHAPTER 3 ATM/Frame Relay Interworking Operations 49 ATM/Frame Relay Interworking Models 49 Internetworking Definitions 50 Protocol Encapsulat;on and Protocol Mapping 50 Network and Service Interworking 51 Guides for the User InteHace 51 Primitive Operations 52 Parameter Primitives 54 One Scenario for ATM Frame Relay Interworking 55 Guidance from RFC 1483 56 Summary 58 CHAPTER 4 DXI and FUNI 59 Why DXI and FUNI were Developed 59 DXI and FUNI Topologies 60 A Look at the Headers 61 DXI Modes 62 Example of Modes 1A and 1B 62 Examples of DXI Frames 65 DXI Frame Address Mappings 67 Comparisons of DXI and FUNI 67 Frame Relay vs. DXI/FUNI 67 Summary 69 CHAPTER 5 Network Interworking 70 Network Interworking Concepts 70 Network Interworking Scenarios 71 Network Interworking Functions 74 Variable Length PDU FormaUing and Delimiting 76 Error Detection 76 Connection Multiplexing 76 Discard Eligibility and Cell Loss Mapping 79 Congestion Indication 82 PVC Status Management 84 Summary 84 CHAPTER 6 Sewice Intemorking 87 Definitions of Service Interworking 87 FR-ATM Interworking Service 89 Service interworking Functions 90 Frame FormaUing and Delimiting 92 Discard Eligibility and Cell Loss Priority Mapping 93 Congestion Indication 93 Mapping the DLCI 94 PVC Management Procedures 94 Formaning and Identification Procedures 94 Bridged PDUs 94 Routed OSI PDUs 98 Other Encapsulations 98 ARP Procedures 1OO ARP Message Formats 101 Traffic Management 101 Frame Relay Quality of Service 104 ATM Quality of Service 104 FR-ATM Quality of Service 104 Connection Policing and TraHic Shaping 106 Summary 107 CHAPTER 7 Introduction to LAN Emulation 108 Comparing LANS and ATM 108 Purpose of LAN Emulation (LANE) 109 Suppon of Key LAN Operations 11O LAN Emulation Components 110 Registrations 112 ARP Operations 113 Connection Setup 114 Vinual Channels 115 LAN Use of Primitives (Service Oefinitions) 116 The LAN Protocol Model 118 Principal LUNI Functions 120 Control and Data Channel Connection 121 Control Channel Connections 121 Data Channel Connections 122 The Initialization Function 124 Address Resolution Operations 126 Connection Establishment Procedures 127 The SETUP Message 129 Rules for Sending User Traffic 131 Spanning Tree Operations 131 Summary 132 CHAPTER 8 Sewice Specification and Protocol Data Units (PDUs) 133 Basic Concepts 133 LE-ULP Service Specifications 138 LE-AAL Service Specifications 137 LE-Connection Management Service Specifications 137 Parameters for the Connection Service 140 Add and Drop Party Procedure 142 LE-Layer Management Service Specifications 142 Data Frames 146 Type/Length (TL) Operations 147 Summary 150 CHAPTER 9 Configuration, Registration, and ARP Procedures and LNNI 151 The Configure Operation 151 The Join Operation 154 The Registration Operation 158 Registration Frame Format 159 The Lane Addresss Resolution Protocol 160 The ARP Frames 160 LE Client Use of ARP 160 LE Server Use of ARP 161 Example of ARP Opeations 161 ARP Frame Format 163 LE_NARP Frame Format 164 LE_Topology_Request Frame Format 165 LAN Emulation Network-Network Interface (LNNI) 165 Summary 166 CHAPTER 10 Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 167 Purpose of NHRP 167 Modeling the NBMA Network 168 NHRP Operations 169 Examples of NBMA Operations 171 Authoritative and Nonauthoritative Replies 172 Restrictions on the Messages 173 Station Configurations 179 A More Detailed Example 173 The NHRP Messages 173 Pros and Cons of NHRP 176 Other NHRP Operations 179 Summary 179 CHAPTER 11 Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) 180 Purpose of MPOA 180 Advantages of L_3 Operations 180 Intra-Subnet and Inter-Subnet Operations 181 ViHual Routing 184 MPOA Requirements 185 MPOA Cache 185 Ingress Cache 185 Egress Cache 185 MPOA Clients and Servers 186 The MPC 187 The Use of Tags 189 MPOA Information Flows 189 Major MPOA Operations 191 Examples of MPOA Operaticns 191 MPOA Host-to-MPOA Host 192 Edge Dev;ce-to-MPOA Host 194 Edge Device-to-Edge Device 194 Roles of MPS and MPC in More Detail 194 The MPOA Protocol Data Units (PDUS) Formats 198 Format and Syntax for the MPOA Messages 199 Other MPOA Operat:ons 20D Summaty 201 Appendix A Basics of Internetworking 202 Appendix B Addressing Conventions 215 Appendix C Lane Parameters 221 Abbreviations 225 Other References 228 Index 233
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