Preface
CHAPTER ONE Logic
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Representing Knowledge in Logic
1.3 Varieties of Logic
1.4 Names, Types, and Measures
1.5 Unity Amidst Diversity
CHAPTER TWO Ontology
2.1 Ontological Categories
2.2 Philosophical Background
2.3 Top-Level Categories
2.4 Describing Physical Entities
2.5 Defining Abstractions
2.6 Sets, Collections, Types, and Categories
2.7 Space and Time
CHAPTER THREE Knowledge Representations
3.1 Knowledge Engineering
3.2 Representing Structure in Frames
3.3 Rules and Data
3.4 Object-Oriented Systems
3.5 Natural Language Semantics
3.6 Levels of Representation
CHAPTER FOUR Processes
4.1 Times, Events, and Situations
4.2 Classification of Processes
4.3 Procedures, Processes, and Histories
4.4 Concurrent Processes
4.5 Computation
4.6 Constraint Satisfaction
4.7 Change
CHAPTER FIVE Purposes, Contexts, and Agents
5.1 Purpose
5.2 Syntax of Contexts
5.3 Semantics of Contexts
5.4 First-Order Reasoning in Contexts
5.5 Modal Reasoning in Contexts
5.6 Encapsulating Objects in Contexts
5.7 Agents
CHAPTER SIX Knowledge Soup
6.1 Vagueness, Uncertainty, Randomness, and Ignorance
6.2 Limitations of Logic
6.3 Fuzzy Logic
6.4 Nonmonotonic Logic
6.5 Theories, Models, and the World
6.6 Semiotics
CHAPTER SEVEN Knowledge Acquisition and Sharing
7.1 Sharing Ontologies
7.2 Conceptual Schema
7.3 Accommodating Multiple Paradigms
7.4 Relating Different Knowledge Representations
7.5 Language Patterns
7.6 Tools for Knowledge Acquisition
APPENDIX A Summary of Notations
A.1 Predicate Calculus
A.2 Conceptual Graphs
A.3 Knowledge Interchange Format
APPENDIX B Sample Ontology
B.1 Principles of Ontology
B.2 Top-Level Categories
B.3 Role and Relation Types
B.4 Thematic Roles
B.5 Placement of the Thematic Roles
APPENDIX C Extended Example
C.1 Hotel Reservation System
C.2 Library Database
C.3 ACE Vocabulary
C.4 Translating ACE to Logic Answers to Selected Exercises Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index
Special Symbols
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