Series editors'' preface ix Preface xi I PRELIMINARIES; EARLY PHASES OF THE FIELD 1 I Toward an extended definition of contrastive rhetoric 3 Writing in a second language: anecdotal evidence about problems and solutions 3 Study of second language writing: the emergence of contrastive rhetoric 5 Aims, purposes, and outline of this book 6 Building a comprehensive theory of contrastive rhetoric Contrastive rhetoric studies in applied linguistics 12 Contrastive analysis, error analysis, and analysis of interlanguage 12 Development of contrastive rhetoric: parallel with contrastive analysis 14 International Englishes 16 New directions in contrastive rhetorical research in applied linguistics contexts 18 Summary 26 Historical evolution of contrastive rhetoric: from Kaplan''s 1966 study to diversification in languages, genres, and authors 28 Origins of contrastive rhetoric 28 Arabic 34 Chinese 37 Japanese 41 Korean, German, Finnish, Spanish, and Czech 45 Summary 54 INTERFACES WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES 57 4 Contrastive rhetoric and the field of rhetoric and composition 59 The role of rhetoric and composition in college education in the United States 59 Classical rhetoric 62 The expressionist approach 71 Contrastive rhetoric and the expressionist approach 72 Writing as a cognitive approach 74 The social constructivist approach 76 Summary 79 5 Contrastive rhetoric and text linguistics 80 Brief overview of the history of text linguistics; definitions 80 Major schools of thought in text linguistics 81 Concepts and methods of text linguistics and their application to the study of writing 83 NORDTEXT and NORDWRITE text linguistic projects of student writing 89 Survey of contrastive rhetorical studies with a text linguistic emphasis 90 Summary 97 6 Writing as an activity embedded in a culture 100 Definition of culture 101 Psychological investigations of culture and literacy 101 Anthropological study of culture and literacy 105 Educational study of culture and literacy 107 Studies of culture and literacy conducted by applied linguists 113 Summary 11 S 7 Contrastive rhetoric and translation studies 117 Development of theories of translation studies 117 Transfer in contrastive rhetoric and translation theory 120 Issues in common: theories of acceptability and adequacy in translation 121 Summary 123 8 Genre-specific studies in contrastive rhetoric 126 The concept of genre 126 School writing 129 Academic writing 132 Professional writing 135 Learning academic writing in sociocognitive perspective as a dynamic activity 145 Summary 149 III IMPLICATIONS OF CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC 151 Methods of research in contrastive rhetoric 153 Guidance from studies of composition pedagogy 153 Methods of contrastive rhetorical research 155 Summary and implications 162 10 Conclusion: Implications and research directions 166 Implications from contrastive text studies 167 Implications from contrastive process-based writing 167 Implications from contrastive genre-specific research in EFL settings 169 Testing ESL/EFL writing in a cross-cultural setting 170 Research directions 172 References 175 Author index 195 Subject index 199
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