Preface by Halliday 王宗炎序 Preface by Chomsky 沈家煊序 導(dǎo)讀 Foreword Preface Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION 0.1 The ''lang.-lit.'' problem 0.2 A descriptive rhetoric 0.3 Poetic language and ''ordinary'' language 0.4 A possible misgiving Notes PoETRY AND THE LANGUAGE OF PAST AND PRESENT 1.1 Varieties of English usage 1.1.1 Dialects 1.1.2 Registers: usage according to situation 1.2 Linguistic convention in poetry 1.2.1 The trend of conformity 1.2.2 The function of archaism 1.2.3 Poetic language and ''poetical'' language 1.2.4 Grand, middle, and plain styles 1.2.5 The routine licences of verse composition Examples for discussion Notes 2 THE CREATIVE USE OF LANGUAGE 2.1 The escape from banality 2.2 Two meanings of''creative'' 2.3 The qualities of prose in poetry 2.4 Degrees of linguistic audacity Examples for discussion Notes VARIETIES OF POETIC LICENCE 3.1 Anatomy of language 3.1.1 Three main levels: realization, form, semantics 3.1.2 Phonology and graphology 3.1.3 Meaning and significance 3.1.4 Ancillary branches of linguistics 3.2 Types of deviation 3.2.1 Lexical deviation 3.2.2 Grammatical deviation 3.2.3 Phonological deviation 3.2.4 Graphological deviation 3.2.5 Semantic deviation 3.2.6 Dialectal deviation 3.2.7 Deviation of register 3.2.8 Deviation of historical period 3.3 Conclusion Examples for discussion Notes FOREGROUNDING AND INTERPRETATION 4. 1 Foregrounding 4.1.1 Foregrounding in art and elsewhere 4.1.2 An example 4.2 Interpretation 4.2.1 The subjectivity of interpretation 4.2.2 The ''warranty'' for a deviation 4.3 Parallelism 4.3.1 Parallelism as foregrounded regularity 4.3.2 How much regularity 4.3.3 Patterns of identity and contrast 4.3.4 The interpretation of parallelism Examples for discussion Notes VERBAL REPETITION 5.1 Schemes and tropes 5.2 Formal repetitions 5.2.1 Free verbal repetition 5.2.2 Types of verbal parallelism 5.2.3 The functions of verbal parallelism Examples for discussion Notes 6 PATTERNS OF SOUND 6.1 Sound patterns within syllables 6.2 Sound patterns in relation to stress 6.3 ''Music'' in poetry 6.4 The interpretation of sound patterns 6.4.1 ''Chiming'' 6.4.2 Onomatopoeia 6.4.3 Varieties of onomatopoeia Examples for discussion Notes METRE 7. 1 Rhythm and metre 7.2 The rhythm of English 7.2.1 The measure: the unit of rhythm 7.2.2 Which syllables are stressed 7.2.3 Pauses 7.2.4 Syllable length 7.3 Metre and the line of verse 7.3.1 English metre as rhythmic parallelism 7.3.2 The ''foot'' of traditional prosody 7.3.3 The line of verse 7.3.4 Some numerical aspects of metre 7.3-5 Accentual metre 7.4 The interaction of rhythm and verse form 7.4.1 Defeated expectancy 7.4.2 Metrical variation 7.5 Grammar and metre 7.5.1 Enjambment 7.5.2 The ''verse paragraph'' For discussion Notes THE IRRATIONAL IN POETRY 8.1 A logical view of meaning 8.1.1 Some types of semantic oddity 8.1.2 Definition and description 8.2 Redundancy in poetry 8.2.1 Pleonasm 8.2.2 Tautology 8.2.3 Periphrasis 8.3 Absurdity in poetry 8.3.1 Oxymoron 8.3.2 Paradox 8.4 Beyond reason and credibility Examples for discussion Notes 9 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE 9.1 Transference of 9. 1.1 Synecdoche 9. 1.2 Metaphor 9. 1.3 Metonymy 9.2 Aspects of metaphor 9.2.1 How to analyse a metaphor 9.2.2 Simile and metaphor 9.2.3 Notional classes of metaphor 9.2.4 Extended metaphor 9.2.5 Compound metaphor and mixed metaphor 9.2.6 Symbolism and allegory Examples for discussion Notes 10 HONEST DECEPTIONS 10.1 Hyperbole and litotes 10.1.1 Hyperbole 10.1.2 Litotes or rhetorical understatement 10.1.3 The uses of hyperbole and litotes 10.2 Irony 10.2.1 The mask of irong 10.2.2 Irony and metaphor 10.2.3 Innuendo 10.2.4 Irony of tone Examples for discussion Notes 11 IMPLICATIONS OF CONTEXT 11.1 Licences of situation 11.1.1 Rhetorical question 11.1.2 Apostrophe 11.1.3 Routine licences of situation 11.2 The given situation 11.3 The ''world within the poem'' 11.3.1 The introduction of inferred situations 11.3.2 Words of definite meaning 11.3.3 Fact and fiction 11.3.4 Impossible situations 11.4 Situation and action 11.5 Conclusion Examples for discussion Notes 12 AMBIGUITY AND INDETERMINACY 12.1 Kinds of ambiguity 12.2 Puns and word-play 12.2.1 Technical variations 12.2.2 In defence of the pun 12.3 Open interpretation 12.3.1 Sources of multiple and indeterminate signifi- cance 12.3.2 The analogy of visual arts 12.3.3 Seeking the optimal interpretation Examples for discussion Notes CONCLUSION Notes Suggestions for Further Reading General Index Index of Sources of Examples for Discussion 文庫索引
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