Preface Ⅰ. Introduction Ⅱ. Translation as a Modern Means of Communication Ⅲ. Translation Theory in the Past and the Present Ⅳ. Problems of Methodology in the Science of Translation Ⅴ. The Translation Process and Translation Procedures Ⅵ. Textlinguistics and Translating Ⅶ. Translation Equivalence Ⅷ. Translation Difficulties Ⅸ. The Teaching of Translation Ⅹ. Error Analysis Foreign Language—Native Tongue (English-German) Ⅺ. Translation Criticism Ⅻ. Machine Translation References Author and Name Index Subject Index