Preface by Halliday F9 王宗炎序 F10 導(dǎo)讀 List of symbols used F35 Preface to the second edition F37 Thanks F38 How to use this book 1 1 Introduction 3 2 The production of speech sounds 2.1 Articulators above the larynx 2.2 Vowel and consonant 2.3 English short vowels 3 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthonge 18 3.1 Long and short vowels 3.2 Diphthongs 3.3 Triphthongs 4 Voicing and consonants 26 4.1 The larynx 4.2 Respiration and voicing 4.3 Plosives 4.4 English plosives 4.5 Fortis and lenis 5 The phoneme 36 5.1 The phoneme 5.2 Symbols and transcription 5.3 Phonology 6 Fricatives and affricates 47 6.1 Production of fricatives and affricates 6.2 The fricatives of English 6.3 The affricates 6.4 Fortis consonants 7 Nasals and other consonants 56 7.1 Nasals 7.2 I 7.3 r 7.4 j and w 8 The syllable 67 9 Strong and weak syllables 75 9.1 Strong and weak 9.2 The o vowel schwa 9.3 Close front and close back vowels 9.4 Syllabic consonants 10 Stress in simple words 85 10.1 The nature of stress 10.2 Levels of stress 10.3 Placement of stress within the word 11 Complex word stress 95 11.1 Complex words 11.2 Suffixes 11.3 Prefixes 11.4 Compound words 11.5 Variable stress 11.6 Word-class pairs 12 Weak forms 102 13 Problems in phonemic analysis 110 13.1 Problems of analysis 13.2 Problems of assignment 14 Aspects of connected speech 120 14.1 Rhythm 14.2 Assimilation 14.3 Elision 14.4 Linking 15 Intonation 1 133 15.1 Form and function in intonation 15.2 Tone and tone languages 15.3 Complex tones and pitch height 15.4 Some functions of English tones 16 Intonation 2 144 16.1 The tone-unit 16.2 The structure of the tone-unit 16.3 Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit 17 Intonation 3 152 17.1 Fall-rise and rise-fall tones followed by a tail 17.2 High and Iow heads 17.3 Problems in analysing the form of intonation 18 Functions of intonation 1 163 18.1 The attitudinal function of intonation 19 Functions of intonation 2 172 19.1 The accentual function of intonation 19.2 The grammatical function of intonation 19.3 The discourse function of intonation 19.4 Conclusions 20 Further areas of study in phonetics and phonology 182 20.1 Distinctive features 20.2 Experimental phonetics 20.3 The study of variety Recorded exercises 194 Tape Unit 2: English short vowels 195 Tape Unit 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 196 Tape Unit 4: Plosives 199 Tape Unit 5: Revision 201 Tape Unit 6: Fricatives and affricates 203 Tape Unit 7: Further consonants 205 Tape Unit 8: Consonant clusters 207 Tape Unit 9: Weak syllables 209 Tape Unit 10: Word stress 211 Tape Unit 11: Complex word stress 213 Tape Unit 12: Weak forms 215 Tape Unit 13: Revision 217 Tape Unit 14: Elisions 219 Tape Unit 15: Tones 220 Tape Unit 16: The tone-unit 221 Tape Unit 17: Intonation 223 Tape Unit 18: Intonation - extracts from conversation 224 Tape Unit 19: Transcription of connected speech 225 Tape Unit 20: Further practice on connected speech 227 Answers to written exercises 228 Answers to recorded exercises 239 Recommendations for general reading 248 Bibliography 251 Index 259 文庫(kù)索引 263