Preface Acknowledgements PART ONE Basic issues 1 The learning part 2 The language part 3 The analysis part PART TWO What learners need to know 4 Global needs analysis 5 Grammatical-rhetorical needs analysis 6 Review of techniques PART THREE What learners do and do not know 7 Grammatical competence 8 Sociolinguistic competence 9 Strategic competence 10 Some methodological issues in investigating learner language PART FOUR Getting the learnersviews 11 The confidence factor 12 The perception of improvement Bibliography Appendices 1 Informal needs assessment …… Index